Rape Culture Essay - 2011 Words

Rape culture Many of the attitudes, beliefs, and mistaken ideas about rape have been with us for centuries. By looking at myths, such as women ask for it, and women secretly enjoy rape, from a historical perspective, lead us for better understanding how they evolved. Women are still seen as the property of men, are protected as such. Men and women are still taught to occupy very different roles in todays world. Men are usually in power positions, and women are seen as passive. This socialization process is changing, but slowly. Rape is a forced sexual intercourse against the will of the victim (Parrot, 1988). Rape is a violent act, not a sexual act. The myth that men who rape women are sexually pathological has begun to be†¦show more content†¦Many women do know that they want in a sexual relationship but are treated as if they do not (Parrot, 1988). One of the strangest things about the date rape is that sometimes men commit date rape without knowing what they done. They think that women really do mean yes when they say no. They think that a woman must want sex if she goes somewhere alone with a guy. They think that if a girl flirts with a guy, she must want sex. They think that a girl owes a guy sex if he has spent a lot of money on her. So, when a guy like this forces his date to have sex, he may not even know he is raping her. He thinks he is just doing what guys are supposed to do on dates. In many cases, date rapes begin with a miscommunication between the persons. Studies of dating have shown that it is common for men and women to miscommunicate their sexual interests to others. Many studies have shown that college men are quite likely to misinterpret college womens behavior. When women think they are only being friendly and not expressing any sexual interest at all, men often think the woman is making a sexual advance. This miscommunication occurs because males tend to misinterpret subtle aspects of friendly behavior, such as pleasant facial expressions, standing close to male, and maintaining eye contact, as indications of sexual interest. One reason that men and womenShow MoreRelatedRape Culture1369 Words   |  6 PagesIt is six o’clock in the evening, a special news segment on world affairs is on the television. The journalist is doing a piece on inhumane practices that occur in third world countries, one of these travesties being rape. The voices of women who have been stolen from their homes and have been taken advantage of against their own will infiltrate the air. These personal stories have an incredulously powerful impact on those listening and make one think â€Å"How could such an outrageous thing happen?†Read MoreRape Culture : Rape Is Acceptable2601 Words   |  11 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In todayrsquo;s society, rape is acceptable. Sounds appalling, but it is the truth. There is an entire culture devoted to covering up the knowledge about rape and any type of sexual violence. This has become the norm because rape culture numbs people of the idea of rape in American society. When people bring up rape, it can cause uneasiness, and for those who have been a victim, it can cause a lifetime of suffering. Rape culture exists in many things including tv, media, musicRead MoreRape Culture : Rape And The Media1779 Words   |  8 PagesRape Culture (Rape in the Media) â€Å"In the minds of many high school boys, rape isn t always wrong. A Patriot Ledger survey of 527 high school students conducted for this series found that 7 percent of boys said it was OK to force a girl to have sex on a date† (Eschbacher).The media needs to redefine and differently represent rape because it is portrayed as being too hard to define, the media has begun stereotyping the victims and rapists alike, and rape is not being reported because students areRead MoreRape Culture And Rape Myths1634 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom getting raped. In this paper, I will discuss how living in a rape culture affects women and men, how does rape myths affect society and how we can change the negative effects of living in a rape culture and rape myths. In order to understand this, we must first define what rape is. Rape is unwanted sexual attentions or actions that are directed to a person. Rape can happen to anyone but it is most common to happen women. Rape happens to women around the ages of 16-24 and it is â€Å"considered toRead MoreRape : Taking Down Rape Culture1448 Words   |  6 PagesTaking Down Rape Culture No matter where one goes there will always be rape that both men and women suffer from. Sometimes how the media and others portray rape make it seem like it’s not that big of a deal. We all, at times, blame the victim, so then we can feel more in control of our lives by saying â€Å"Rape will never happen to me because I would never do this or I would never do that.† With men, people usually say, â€Å"Wow, did you see what she looks like? He should be happy they had sex.† What I proposeRead MoreThe Issue Of Rape Culture1072 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial topics circulating through the media recently - abortion, suicide, teen pregnancy, Kim Kardashian’s newest nude photoset - nothing spurs more debate than when someone utters that ugly word: rape. Even more so when we add â€Å"culture† to the end of it, because all of a sudden â€Å"culture† (defined by FreeDictionary: â€Å"the totality of socially transmitted behaviour patterns†¦beliefs†¦and all other products of human work and thought.†) becomes something that we as a society are involved in as aRead More Rape Culture Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesRape Culture Many of the attitudes, beliefs, and mistaken ideas about rape have been with us for centuries. By looking at myths, such as â€Å"women ask for it,† and â€Å"it would do some women good to get raped,† from a historical perspective, lead us for better understanding how they evolved. Women are still seen as the property of men, are protected as such. Men and women are still taught to occupy very different roles in today’s world. Men are usually more aggressive, and women are seen as passiveRead MoreThe Sociology Of Rape Culture1524 Words   |  7 Pagestheory, rape culture is a setting in which rape is pervasive and normalized due to societal attitudes about gender and sexuality. The sociology of rape culture is studied academically by feminists. There is disagreement over what defines a rape culture and as to whether any given societies meet the criteria to be considered a rape culture. The notion of rape culture has been used to describe and explain behavior wi thin social groups, including prison rape, and in conflict areas where war rape is usedRead MoreIs Rape Culture A Problem?1405 Words   |  6 PagesTorrey Andrascik Professor LaPalme English Comp 101 28 September 2015 Is Rape Culture a Problem in America? Why This Systematic Tolerance Needs to End. Rape culture. This is a term that was coined in the 1970’s feminism movement that has been rehashed with 4th wave feminism amongst millennials in the 2000’s. Though the term seems to irritate many that attempt to refute that the systematic tolerance of rape in America is a non-issue that would disappear if â€Å"women just stopped getting so drunk†Read MoreRape Culture Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that I have chosen to discuss in this paper is the â€Å"rape culture† that occurs on college campuses throughout the United States; and the rationale society uses to normalize this egregious act. Rape culture refers to society’s existing idea that rape or sexual assault is inconsequential and only happens to individuals who behave a certain way. 1 in 5 women have experienced some kind of sexual assault throughout their college career, and most of them know who their assailants are; however

The War That Never Ends(Veterans) Free Essays

The War that Never Ends- Soldiers suffering with Post Traumatic stress disorder The impact of deployment and especially war-zone experiences on the well-being of military personnel and veterans continues to receive growing attention. The military operation in Iraq and Afghanistan continues to raise important questions about the effect of the experience on the mental health of members of the military services who have been deployed there (Hoge et al. ,2004). We will write a custom essay sample on The War That Never Ends(Veterans) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Combat exposure has been linked to an array of negative health consequences, most notably posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). According to the DSM-IV-TR, PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop in a person after a traumatic experience in which â€Å"the person [has] experienced, witnessed, or [been] confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of [one]self or others. According to the Surgeon General, of those individuals experiencing extreme traumatic events, nine percent develop PTSD. Approximately 50% of those cases will return to a normal mental health state in less than a year. After one year, women were twice as likely to continue with symptoms of traumatic stress. Sometimes dubbed emotional mental health disorders such as acute stress, depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common by products of military combat (Soldiers’ Mental Health, 2007). During the current U. S. -led war on terrorism a campaign initiated following Sept. 11, 2001, attacks against U. S. – tens of thousands of soldiers deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq have been diagnosed with such conditions (Soldiers’ Mental Health, 2007). While some military veterans seek medical treatment after they return to the U. S. , many do not, beginning what often becomes a life long battle with mental illness (Soldiers’ Mental Health, 2007). Furthermore, the individual’s â€Å"response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. † The individual must also experience at least one symptom of intensive recollections, at least three symptoms of avoidance/numbing, and at least two symptoms of hyper arousal. Symptoms of hyper-arousal include sleep problems, irritability, concentration problems, hyper-vigilance, and exaggerated startle response. All symptoms must be present for one month or longer. In order for PTSD to be diagnosed as a disorder, â€Å"clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of fractioning† must be present. PTSD received official recognition and a separate diagnostic heading with the DSM-III publication in 1980. However, the symptoms of PTSD have been recognized for centuries. During the Civil War, generals noted that the troops were suffering from â€Å"irritable heart† or â€Å"effort syndrome,† in World War I the diagnosis was â€Å"shell shock,† and in World War II it was called â€Å"battle fatigue† or â€Å"combat exhaustion. In modem engagements such as Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), symptoms of PTSD are denoted â€Å"acute stress,† perhaps in an effort to reduce stigma among deployed troops. Whatever its appellation, it is deemed a â€Å"signature wound† of the Iraq and Afghanistan engagement veterans. Therefore, military personnel are among the most at-risk populations for exposure to traumatic events and the development of PTSD. Ethnic minority Veterans may be more likely to disclose problems or engage in treatment when paired with a clinician of the same race (Loo, 2007). Despite study differences, the trend suggests that being an ethnic minority may cause one to be more â€Å"at risk† for PTSD (Loo, 2007). The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study found differences among Hispanic, African American, and White Vietnam theater Veterans in terms of readjustment after military service (Loo, 2007). Both Hispanic and African American male Vietnam theater Veterans had higher rates of PTSD than Whites (Loo, 2007). Rates of current PTSD in the 1990 study were 28% among Hispanics, 21% among African Americans, and 14% among Whites (Loo, 2007). African Americans had greater exposure to war stresses and had more predisposing factors than Whites, which appeared to account for their higher rate of PTSD (Loo, 2007). The difference in rates of PTSD between Hispanics and Whites remained even after controlling for the fact that Hispanics had greater exposure to war stresses (Loo, 2007). Rates of PTSD among American Indian Vietnam Veterans ranged from 22% to 25% (depending on the tribe) (Loo, 2007). American Indians were exposed to greater war zone stresses (e. g. atrocities, violence, and combat) than Whites, including psychological conflict resulting from identification with the enemy (Loo, 2007). Differences in PTSD rates between American Indians and Whites disappeared after controlling for the greater war zone stresses experienced by American Indians (Loo, 2007). Unfortunately, there continues to be an ongoing supply of combat- traumatized soldiers to study. As noted by Coleman (2006), war is a disease that kills and maims, not just by tearing apart soldiers’ bodies, but also by ravaging their minds. As the United States continues a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan, it is also coming to grips with one of the products of war at home: a new generation of troubled veterans. Hoge, Auchterlonie, and Milliken (2006) emphasize that research with active duty personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan suggests that this new generation of veterans has high levels of PTSD and related mental health symptoms. Studies are demonstrating that troops who serve in current conflicts are experiencing PTSD and other mental health problems on a scale not seen since the war in Vietnam (Robinson, 2004). PTSD prevalence is widely disputed in medical literature, particularly its predominance among military personnel. However, â€Å"approximately 8% of the [general] population meets criteria for PTSD during their lifetime. PTSD Stressors in the general public are often the result of a traumatic event (violent crime, accident, etc. ). With regard to military personnel, the range of estimates is wide—†PTSD is the most prevalent mental health disorder among deployed service members, and affects roughly 5 to 15% of service members, depending on who is assessed and when they are assessed. From October 2001 to April 2008, approximately 1. 4 million U. S. troops had been deployed in OEF/OIF engagements. As of October 2009, more than 2 million men and women had shouldered the deployments, with 793,000 of them deploying more than once. Nearly 40% of OEF/OIF veterans had multiple deployments, and multiple â€Å"combat† exposures. Even at the low end, a 5% incidence of PTSD a mong deployed veterans would equal 100,000 OEF/OIF veterans with PTSD. However, this 5% is questionable on broader assessment, and most likely an underestimate. Using Veterans Affairs (VA) data, 23% of OEF/OIF veterans seen at the VA received a preliminary diagnosis of possible PTSD. Further analysis of the same data shows that only half of these PTSD patients had approved PTSD claims. Therefore, about 50% of OEF/OIF veteran patients receiving treatment for PTSD from the VA were not receiving compensation, and hence are likely undercounted as victims of PTSD. In addition, since approximately 40% of service members are still active on active duty, considering active duty military PTSD cases is also instinctive. Surveys of deployed Army soldiers and Marines show between 14% and 17% met screening criteria for PTSD while they were deployed between 2003 and 2006. This data lends additional support to the proposition that the estimate of 5% prevalence of PTSD is empirically low. The United States has incurred massive human and financial expenditures through its involvement in Iraq. It is estimated that total spending on the Iraq war will cost the United States up to $3 trillion to fund current military operations along with the expenses of paying the long-term disability costs of injured military personnel, death benefits sent to the families of those killed in Iraq, and interest fees paid by the United States Treasury to borrow money to fund current expenditures (Bilmes ; Stiglitz, 2008). The National Center for PTSD embraces the customary treatment strategy for PTSD as being symptom logically based. As such, individuals diagnosed with depression and anxiety receives pharmacologic treatment, in addition to the use of cognitive behavior therapy to help individuals with cognitive deficits (Summerall, 2008). Cognitive behavior therapy usually includes education regarding the stress response and relaxation techniques in efforts to enable the individual to exercise control over the extreme physical reaction to PTSD triggers and engage completely in therapy, overcoming avoidance symptoms. Case management, psychosocial rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy, and psychotherapy are all viable components and options regarding treatment and care provision for individuals who have incurred PTSD (Kennedy et al. , 2007). When it comes to medication management, special attention should be paid to possible drug interactions in individuals diagnosed with PTSD. These individuals may be taking medications for various symptoms such as pain, insomnia, and dizziness, in addition to surgery-associated anesthesia and antibiotics. Fluid changes resulting from procedural treatment of burns, amputations, wounds or internal organ injuries can dramatically affect the action and interaction of drugs. Moreover, individuals with PTSD may be hypersensitive to medicinal effects and corresponding side effect. Medications have proved helpful to treat depression, seizures, and agitation among persons with PTSD (Perna, Rouselle, ; Brennan, 2003). However, antipsychotic medications should be used with caution given their potential to increase negative neurobehavioral symptoms (Rosenthal ; Ricker, 2000). Impaired recall and attentiveness resulting from PTSD can also complicate medication management, as an individual may have difficulty accurately following dosage recommendations (Kennedy et al. , 2007). Furthermore, New Treatment Modalities recognize the need to meet the unique needs of military personnel with PTSD, the United States Government is exploring a variety of new treatment models. For example, the Office of Naval Research funded a $4 million project in 2005 to study the efficacy of virtual reality treatments for PTSD, which is being tested in universities and military installations across the United States (Bergfeld, 2006). This treatment involves the person experiencing virtual reality situations (i. e. , guiding them through a military compound in Fallujah or going on patrol through homes of Iraq citizens). The therapist monitors the veteran’s responses (e. g. , breathing, sweating) and then teaches the veteran how to remain calm and composed through the use of meditation. The hope is that that the client can generalize this skill to prospective high stress situations in the real world (Bergfeld), ultimately leading to a reduction in the occurrence of PTSD symptoms. PTSD can make somebody hard to be with; living with someone who is easily startled, has nightmares, and often avoids social situations can take a toll on the most caring family (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2010). Family member may feel hurt, alienate, or discouraged because your loved one has not been able to overcome the effects of the trauma (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2010). Social support is extremely important for preventing and helping with PTSD, it is important for family members to take care of themselves both for their own good and t help the person dealing with PTSD (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2010). Veterans with PTSD and their families can access several other resources associated with rehabilitative assistance. Active duty service members and their families are eligible to utilize health care services through Tricare, or Triwest depending on geographic region. Services are available on base from military providers, as well as through private care providers who require a co-payment. Also available to active duty members is Military OneSource, which provides a maximum of six free counseling sessions for service members and their families. Military OneSource has licensed counselors available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and also serves as informational resources, addressing topics such as relocation and finances (Fairweather ; Garcia, 2007). Veterans with PTSD often have other types of problems (U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2010). They might have other stress, medical or mental health problems. Sometimes PTSD is overlooked when other problems seem very pressing (U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2010). In Addition, a number of community organizations have been established to assist veterans and their families with adjustments to daily living brought about by combat incurred injuries such as PTSD. Swords to Plowshares, Veterans for America, and Veterans and Families exemplify groups that offer a wide range of information, resources and services (Fairweather ; Garcia, 2007). The Marine Corps Community Services, The Coming Home Project, Operation First Response are some of the Internet-based health, family, employment and education, and benefit, advocacy, and general resources to meet the needs of veterans with PTSD and their families compiled from research (Fairweather and Garcia (2007, Yeoman, 2008). According to the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the VA provides nearly 200 specialized PTSD treatment programs referral is usually needed (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2010). Each PTSD program offers education, evaluation, and treatment, some of the program services include: One to one mental assessment and testing, medicines, one to one psychotherapy and also family therapy, and group therapy which covers topics such as anger and stress, combat support, partners or groups for Veterans of special conflicts (U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs, 2010). The VA also offers specialized outpatient PTSD programs (SOPPs) and specialized intensive PTSD programs (SIPPs). Congress has in fact passed some notable legislation aimed directly at improving mental health care and quality of life for combat veterans (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). The  Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010  provides financial support for family members of injured veterans who are now responsible for caring for their loved ones who have returned with lifelong disabilities (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). The VOW to Hire Heroes Act  provides tax credits for businesses hiring veterans and is an important step in working to lower the alarmingly high veteran’s unemployment rate (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). The  COMBAT PTSD Act  has died in two previous sessions of Congress and remains in committee in the current legislative session (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). As it stands today, a veteran must be deemed to have had â€Å"combat with the enemy† to be entitled to compensation for mental health conditions (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). What constitutes â€Å"combat with the enemy† is extremely vague, making it difficult for some veterans suffering from PTSD to have their injury recognized by the VA (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). The COMBAT PTSD Act would broaden the definition to include all veterans who served in a theater of combat operation during a time of war (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). Civilian clinics and their physicians, who are responsible for treating combat stress-related injuries for the  millions of veterans  who receive care outside of the VA system, would benefit greatly from additional training (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). The inclusion of cognitive behavioral therapy in treatments covered by TRICARE for veterans diagnosed with TBI would improve the affordability of crucial rehabilitative care for thousands of veterans (Wilcox-Fogel, 2012). Reference Page Loo, C. (2007) PTSD Among Ethnic Minority Veterans retrieved from www. ptds. va. gov â€Å"Soldiers’ Mental Health. †Ã‚  Issues ; Controversies On File:  n. pag. Issues ; Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 11 May 2007. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. http://www. 2facts. com/article/i1200260 U. S. Department of Veteran Affairs (2010) PTSD Programs in the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs. U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs Retrieved from www. ptsd. va. gov Wilcox-Fogel, N. (2012) Despite combat PTSD Act, congress is falling short in providing for veterans with PTSD retrieved from www. policymic. com How to cite The War That Never Ends(Veterans), Essays

Nazi Leaders in WWII Essay Example For Students

Nazi Leaders in WWII Essay Many people have contributed to the cruel treatment of human beings, specifically Jews, in Nazi Germany during the second World War. This is a report on the damage carried out by some of the Nazi criminals working under the rule of Adolf Hitler. Many people contributed in Hitlers attempt to carry out his Final Solution. Among these people are Ernst Roehm, Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Himmler, and Hermann Wilhelm Goering. While I discuss how they partook in World War Two, keep in mind their actions will, and have, left a mark on the Little is known about Ernst Roehms childhood. He was a quiet boy who never went looking for trouble and didnt express hatred towards anyone, mostly because his parents were Libertarians and never paid attention to the politics in Germanys heartland. In college, Hitlers ideas and notions had a strong impact on Roehms personality. Though Roehm never graduated, he joined the Free Corps, a group of soldiers dedicated to changing injustices in the German government. After a while, Roehm started to grow tired of the Free Corps non- violent style, and he was tempted to be more of an activist in government reform. Hitler, looking to recruit fellow officers in his plan, then in its infancy, liked Roehms strong presence and personality. Roehm, jobless and nowhere to go, joined Hitlers office. After Hitler was elected into office some years later, he split his dictatorship into different divisions. Roehm, being one of the original officers, was chosen as head of the Sturmabteilung, or SA, commonly referred to as the Brownshirts and storm-troopers. By 1932, the Brownshirts had reached more than 400,000 members. All types of men who Hitler saw fit enough to join were members. Among them were ex-Free Corps soldiers like Roehm, students who werent able to find jobs, shopkeepers who went out of business or werent profitable enough, the unemployed, uneducated, and common criminals. As you can see, they were a very diverse bunch. Roehm had full power over where they demonstrated and protested. What was their cause? None really. They were merely an idea of Hitlers to spread his popularity, as well as the Nazi Partys. They roamed the streets of Munich, often drunk, singing racist stanzas from songs, beating anyone they thought, udging just from appearance who they thought was a Jew or a Communist. Roehm screamed to the marching storm-troopers, We will brawl our way to greatness. He enjoyed violence for its own sake, and he is quoted as saying to reporters after they burned down a kosher diner, in which he also had the left side of his nose shot off, Since I am an immature and wicked man, war and unrest appeal to me more than order. In one incident, Joseph Goebbels and Hermann Goering, heads of other Nazi divisions, jealous of Roehm and the rest of the Brownshirts public popularity, even though they had more ower internally, conspired against Roehm and the storm-troopers. They forged letters and documents to Hitler in Roehms name, in which confessions of high treason were written. Many members of the storm-troopers were executed. When Hitler himself came to partake in the executions, they started screaming Heil Hitler, the salute to Hitler. Hitler realized that the documents had been forged, and let the rest, including Roehm go free. Hitler and the storm-troopers never found out who had written them. Another incident of a much greater magnitude was the night of long knives, on June 30, 1934. Hitler cut off relations with all his fellow branches except the SS. He let most of them all go, except members of the storm-troopers. They were all executed, and Roehm insisted that Hitler kill him. He felt any other person to kill him would be considered unfaithful to Hitler and an undignified death. Hitler killed him and in all of World War Two Ernst Roehm remained the only person to ever die by Hitlers bullets. Another henchman of Hitlers, Joseph Goebbels, born in 1897, in Rheydt, Germany and the son of peasants, probably had the most effect on Germanys society and public life. .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 , .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .postImageUrl , .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 , .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3:hover , .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3:visited , .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3:active { border:0!important; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3:active , .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3 .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u596dfc20c75e72336a88e1e81400bfa3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Architecture PPT EssayA childhood bone disease stunted his growth, so he didnt grow more than 5 feet and he walked with a limp. His actions are well documented since he kept a diary of almost everything in his political life. Thin-faced and slender, before working for Hitler, he was a successful playwright of scripts about political satire. He was the man who convinced Hitler to run for President of Germany on February 22, 1933, against Paul von Hindenburg, the president at the time, in an eventual successful campaign. After Hitler was elected as the new dictator over Germany, Goebbels was elected as the official Propaganda Minister. He had under his legal jurisdiction the power to control Germanys common society. He tried to convince Nazis to become more devout and to convince people who werent Nazis to join the party. He controlled all the publications, radio programs, films, and arts. Out of all that was deemed inappropriate by Goebbels, music prevailed the best, as he was an avid fan of classical music. Still, all Jewish music was banned. Goebbels often chatted with fellow officer Hermann Goering about what to do with the Jews they found on raids of their homes. Goebbels said they should clean up the glass from Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass, in which Jewish synagogues were destroyed, and then the Nazis would turn the vacant spaces into parking lots. He also said Jews should be excluded from everything. After Goering agreed, these statements sadly came true. On another occasion, on May 10, 1933, a book-burning took place, one of many during those years in Germany and the countries it defeated, right across from the University of Berlin. The Nazis burned world-renowned authors as well as German books while Goebbels yelled, The soul of the German people can again express itself. These flames not only illuminate the final end of an old era; they also light up a new! During Germanys downfall, he poisoned his six children, and then at the request of Goebbels, a fellow Nazi shot him and his wife Magda to death in 1945. Adolf Himmler, born in 1900 in Munich, held many ranks in his busy political life. He ordered the deaths of millions, beginning with the blood purge in 1934 and ending with the systematic killings of Jews in World War Two concentration camps. He followed Hitler since 923, and since then he became the chief of police of Germany in 1936, the Minister of the Interior in 1943, the Minister of Home Defense in 1944. Today he is believed to be the head cohort in coordinating the Reichstag fire, after following Hitlers orders. The Reichstag building was the democratic partys headquarters. On February 27, 1933, in hopes of disrupting the proceedings going on that evening, Himmler and the rest of the SS he commanded snuck into the building through the heating tunnels and place gas bombs throughout. The Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels blamed the fire on the Communists. This gave the Nazis an excuse to bring down the Communist Party by search and seizures, arrests, and killings, using the excuse that they were withholding evidence from the fire. Toward the end of the war, Himmler was the head of the SS Police, Gestapo, slave camps, and directed the resettlement of Eastern Europeans with Aryans to persuade the Europeans to become like them. He committed suicide in 1945. Second to Hitler as the leader of Nazi germany, Hermann Wilhelm Goering was one of the few Nazis with a good record intact after World War One. Born in 1893, in Rosenheim, Germany, he was the Reich Marshal, and he commanded the air force. After he became a follower of Hitlers in 1920, a couple of years later he was elected the president of the Reichstag, the German legislature, in 1928. This gave him the power to frustrate democratic procedures, and help Hitler get unlimited power in 1933. Before the outbreak of World War Two, he directed the buildup of Germanys war industry. At the start of World War Two, Hitler appointed him chief aide. He was completely ruthless with opponents and rivals, and he was convicted of war crimes at Nuremburg in 1946. Right before he was about to be hanged, he

The Double Helix Essays - Fellows Of The Royal Society, Sigma Xi

The Double Helix One of the most important discoveries ever in biology has to be that of the structure of DNA. In ?The Double Helix,? James tells the story, both funny and serious, of all his trials and tribulations leading up to the famous discovery. James starts out with his fantasy of someday solving the great mystery surrounding the structure of DNA. He realizes from the very beginning his competitors in this great race: Maurice Wilkins (x-ray diffraction expert), Rosy Franklin (Information expert on crystallography and soon to be Maurice's new enemy), Linus Pauling (very intelligent scientist), and Francis Crick (outspoken scientist often compared to Rutherford or Bohr). With all of these experts, in their own fields, Watson new he had to spring into action and fast. In the fall of 1951, Watson set out to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. Once there he got to know the always-excited Francis and the straightforward Maurice. Soon after, Watson and Francis paired up to uncover the secret pattern of DNA. Two people who aided both to the slowness and acceleration of the project were Sir Lawrence Bragg (creator of the basic law of all crystallography ideas and also Francis' superior) and Rosy Franklin. Their criticism and sometimes lack of cooperation had a big affect on the research. Watson soon started attending conferences and seminars that had anything to do whatsoever with DNA. He and Francis started taking advantage of information from surrounding experts like Maurice and Rosy into their everyday studies. Scientist Linus Pauling, made a very near achievement towards the discovery of the DNA structure. He announced his completion of figuring out the a-helix. This put Francis and Watson on a faster track. Francis soon after had a little success of his own. He came up with new equations to help the new theory of diffraction of x-rays on helical molecules. Another close call came when Rosy announced she was holding a seminar to announce that her study of crystallization was headed to straight success towards the structure of DNA. Watson of course attended and left both relieved and a little uptight. When he got back, he explained to Francis that she was in the wrong direction but on the right track. As soon as they started to get back into the way of their studies again, an unpredictable announcement came from straight above. Sir Lawrence Bragg ordered that they stop their experimenting with DNA and continue on with their original studies. No repeal or other action was taken; instead Francis and Watson continued to study the DNA on their own time. Rosy continued her study and made known her opinions. She believed that the sugar-phosphate backbone was outside of the DNA structure. Her x-ray pictures were also very good looking. If Rosy's good guesses didn't shake up Francis and Watson, the announcement coming later that week did. It was reported that Linus discovered the structure for DNA! The excitement grew around Cambridge as the information spread. While Watson was still trying to soak up the news, he studied Linus' illustrations very intensely. He soon figured out that Linus was mistaken. One of the world's most prestigious scientists made a dramatic elementary chemistry mistake. The model was not ionized. Linus' nucleic acid was not an acid at all. Almost traumatized, Francis and Watson began working around the clock to fix the error Linus made. Watson began to play with his ideas and soon he came to the decision to build 2 chain models of what the DNA structure was to him. With these models he soon figured out that the adenine-thymine pairs and the guanine-cytosine pairs were fuss-proof identical in shape. As he started to figure it out, it all seemed to fit perfectly. Maurice and Rosy's x-ray data strongly supported their DNA structure. All turned out to be accurate and Francis and Watson were instantly congratulated on their great work. The news was soon published everywhere. Francis, Watson and Maurice all shared in the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1962. Their success was great and their sacrifice was brutal. This book really does show that besides hard work and a lot of smarts, that there are also ordinary, funny, and strange lives