Single Mom and Going Back to School Free Essays

Single parent and Going Back To School I am in my mid-thirties and returning to class. I would need to state that my youngsters are the essential explanation for this choice. I am their good example and instructor and I plan to be the most ideal one. We will compose a custom article test on Single parent and Going Back to School or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now I need to show my youngsters the unlimited prospects of hard legit work. I need to send them to school and live serenely. All through my own understanding, I have discovered that the sky is the limit even while I am adjusting a family, multi occupations and school. When I left secondary school in 1992, I went to the Sawyer School for Business. With class to complete, I discovered that I was pregnant and having issues. As a result of my pregnancy issues, I needed to leave school. I didn’t graduate since I couldn't finish that one class. After, that I had no inspiration to return to class; a choice I generally lamented. A couple of years after the fact, I got hitched and had a wonderful infant young lady named Dominique. Presently, she is eighteen and graduated secondary school. I got separated and went from working at a production line making window ornaments to being a security watch at the Convention place in Providence. During this a great time, I pondered internally, â€Å"I could bear to return and my children need me†. At that point, I met my beau and over two years after the fact, I was pregnant with my second little girl Selena; and she is presently twelve and in the 6th grade in center school. In the wake of having Selena, I went from driving a school transport to being a police dispatcher for the Bristol Police Department. In the wake of working there for a long time, I pondered internally, â€Å"I can’t work the third move and filling in as a police dispatcher was an extremely unpleasant job†. In this way, I applied at the fundamental office for the school office to turn into a secretary, despite the fact that they were just employing a sub-secretary. I quickly accepted the position; I wasn’t in any event, thinking about school. At that point, a couple of months passed and I was pregnant again with an excellent infant kid named Dennis. Dennis is currently six years of age and in kindergarten. At the point when he was conceived, I truly didn't have an occupation at the top of the priority list, so I chose to go into business by cleaning houses. This was the ideal employment for me at the time in light of the fact that having an infant, a multi year old, and a multi year old was a great deal of work. It was advantageous for me to begin house keeping since I picked my hours. I was working a few hours every day was as yet accessible for my children. Now of my life that I still couldn’t return to class. At some point, I chose to go after a position on the third move since I required the additional cash and it would be helpful for my children and I. Working at Atria in Portsmouth expected me to keep an eye on older individuals. The most significant thing to me is thinking about the home. I delighted in working there so a lot and it made me imagine that I could return to class to turn into a CNA, or even become a medical attendant. Throughout the mid year of 2012, I thought, â€Å"What am I doing with my life? † I was cleaning houses and dealing with the old. I out of nowhere understood that my young ladies were more established and my child was in kindergarten; it’s the ideal open door for me to achieve my fantasy. Along these lines, I made sense of my timetable so I would possess a lot of energy for work, school and my two most youthful youngsters. At long last, I pondered internally that I can go to class, get a degree, and perhaps take my children in the midst of a get-away. Guidance starting with one single parent then onto the next single parent the sky is the limit in the event that you have the heart and outlook. To start with, you have to choose what you need to accomplish for a profession. Second, discover where you can get help monetarily. Third, locate a sheltered spot for your kids. Along these lines, I realize it causes me to feel great that I am demonstrating my children that the sky is the limit in the event that you put your heart and psyche into it. The most effective method to refer to Single Mom and Going Back to School, Papers

george suerat essays

george suerat articles George was conceived in Paris France on December second 1859 He developed into an attractive dim tall man who. He was a noble man who was consistently flawless and clean. He was the child of a comftable family and they were never truly in a tough situation his dad Antoine-Christophe was a not an incredible family man and wanted to go to his Suburban estate and keep an eye on his blossoms instead of be with his family. Truth be told he was a self-subsidized retiree and lived in a separated house in Provence and visited his family just once per week in Paris. Antoine-Christophe filled in as a legitimate authority and was somewhat pulled back and a portion of this mentality came off on George later on throughout everyday life. George had a sibling, Emile, and a sister, Marie-Berthe. Georges mother, Ernestine Faivre was additionally peaceful individual yet in a warm sort of way and was a lot of the caring guardian. She was raising the family without anyone else, she was the all the famil y warmth that George was ever too need. The family lived in a loft situated on the Boulevard de Magenta and was near a recreation center that was to turn into the point of convergence of some of Georges wager works the nursery was called le Parc des Buttes-Chaumont. Georges mother took George to the nursery a great deal and was a spot they use to visit at whatever point they had save time and it was famous for its aesthetic motivation. George was acquainted with painting during his initial schooldays by an uncle, Paul Haumont-Faivre on his moms side this experience was to shape an incredible remainder and vocation. Paul was a material dealer and was a self admitted novice painter. During his time with his uncle George started to experience passionate feelings for craftsmanship and later in 1875 was to join a drawing night school where he was instructed by a stone worker named Justin Lequien. After three years George was admitted to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts where he was guided by Henri Lehmann. There he was instructed how to duplicate the old bosses in the louver. After a year a long with a portion of his... <!

Retreat! Retreat!

Retreat! Retreat! I just returned from a retreat for my sorority, Alpha Chi Omega. We spent the past 24 hours at the Endicott House , an MIT owned mansion in a Boston suburb used for conferences. It was amazing to hang out with my sisters in such a beautiful setting, surrounded by antiques and eating meals prepared by a gourmet chef. The retreat was a mix of bonding and business. Sororities at MIT are quite large, with about 80-100 members, so it is generally difficult to schedule events that everyone can attend. The turn-out was amazing, considering we’re a month into the term and the first round of exams have started, yet about 70 girls attended. Some activities included scavenger hunts, improv skits (apparently I’m hard to make fun of? Surely I provide plenty of material on this blog), event planning, and discussions. This upcoming week, October 2 â€" October 8, is Domestic Violence Awareness week, so also took time to prepare for our philanthropic event. All week, we will be selling carnations and irises to raise money for the Boston Area Rape Crisis Center, which “provides free, culturally sensitive, age-appropriate services to rape survivors and/or their families from Cambridge, Boston and other cities and towns within the Rte 128 belt.” Everyone on campus should buy some flowers for their friends while supporting a great cause! Our room! And my roommate! The hallway to our second room and bathroom. Keepin it classy.

Insights on Love and Marriage From Social Scientists and Aziz Ansari

The big news at 2015s annual meeting of the American Sociological Association was that actor and comedian, and now author, Aziz Ansari would be in attendance to participate in a panel discussion about his new book  Modern Romance, co-authored with sociologist Eric Klinenberg. On Saturday August 22, a huge crowd of sociologists awaited the insights on dating, mating, and marriage that would be shared not just by Ansari and Klinenberg, but also by Christian Rudder, the founder of OK Cupid; biological anthropologist Helen Fisher; and psychologist Eli Finkel. What followed was a fascinating hour and a half of presentations and discussion among the panelists and audience, including these thought-provoking and helpful insights and tips on modern romance. Romantic Love is a Drive Following analysis of brain scans of people in love, Fisher and her research team found that the part of the brain activated by romance is the same one that controls basic needs like thirst and hunger. Fisher concludes from this that romantic love is not only a basic human need, but also a drive that shapes how we act in the world. She explained that it is associated with wanting, craving, focus, energy, and addiction, and that it is separate from but adjacent to both where our sex drive resides in the brain, and the part of our brain that is activated by attachment, which is something that grows out of romantic love over a period of time. Love at First Sight is Totally Possible Fisher explained, after an audience member asked a question about the possibility for success of arranged marriages, that love at first sight is something that our brains are hard wired for. Brain circuitry for love is like a sleeping cat, she said, and can be awakened in a second. You can fall in love with someone instantly. According to Fisher, this is why a lot of arranged marriages work. People Dating Today Suffer a Paradox of Choice Ansari and Klinenberg found through talking to people in interviews and focus groups that dating in todays world, enabled and organized by social media and dating sites, presents people with a paradox of choice--we are so overwhelmed by the amount of potential romantic partners available to us that we find it very difficult to select one to pursue. Ansari pointed out how digital technology has enabled this, citing the example of a guy he spoke with who admitted to checking Tinder on the way to a date arranged by Tinder, and then checking Tinder in the bathroom after having given the current date just a few minutes of his time. Ansari and Klinenberg observed in their study that many young singles are simply not giving each other enough of a chance, and suggest that we need to employ the Flo Rida Theory of Acquired Likability Through Repetition (LOL but really). Ansari explained, Social science shows that the more time you spend with people, thats when you learn these deeper things and develop positive illusions, and the Flo Rida theory basically just states that ultimately, were all like a Flo Rida song. When you first hear it, youre like, All right, Flo Rida, Ive heard this shit before. This is very similar to what you put out last summer. But then you keep hearing it over and over and youre like, All right, Flo Rida, youve done it again. Lets dance! Our Dates Are Too Boring Related to the previous point, Ansari and Klinenberg learned through their research that people are quick to move on from a potential romantic interest after just one date because most of us arrange terribly boring dates. We go out for a meal or a drink and essentially exchange resumes and life histories, and very few of us have an especially good time. Instead, they suggest, we should organize dates around fun and exciting events that give us an opportunity to see what each person is like in a social setting, and to bond over a shared experience. Ansari referenced sociologist Robb Willers Monster Truck Rally Theory, which is based on the experience of Willer and his friends, who started taking dates to monster truck rallies, at which both parties had a great time, and many pairs blossomed into couples with great relationships. We Put Far More Pressure on Marriage Today than We Did in the Past By looking at the way what a marriage is and what we expect of one has evolved over time, psychologist Eli Finkel found that today people expect marriage to provide not only love and companionship, but also to facilitate personal growth and self-expression. According to Finkel, these expectations are far greater than those people have had for marriage in the past, and the problem is, married people today are spending less time together than in decades prior, so they are not putting enough time into their relationships for those expectations to be fully met. He suggests that this is related to a long-term decrease in marital happiness. So, Finkel offers that if people really want marriage to meet these needs, then they need to devote more time to their partners. However, he also observed that those who are doing it are doing it really well, as evidenced by how the proportion of people who are blissed out in their marriages has increased simultaneously while overall marital happiness h as declined. Heres hoping you can deploy these insights and tips as you date, mate, and marry.

Do video games make children behave violently (Doom, Grand Theft Auto) Free Essay Example, 1250 words

In Grand theft auto (GTA) the player is supposed to be a criminal in a big city and is given tasks to perform by the various kingpins in the city and by completing the tasks the player can rise through the ranks in the criminal organization. There are other games like ‘Hitman’ where the player is an assassin. All these games involve extremely violent situations with tasks that range from shooting people to bombing buildings. For example, in ‘Hitman’ the player even has to hide the dead body of the person he killed in order to avoid detection. Each version of these games is more graphic, progressively more violent and is expected to be so. One of the first incidents that drew attention to the fact that video games can have an effect on the mind set of children was the Columbine high school tragedy that occurred in the US. Two teenagers Eric Harris and Dylan Keebold shot dead 12 students and one teacher and injured 21 students in a heinous massacre and finall y committed suicide. Even though a school massacre in the United States was not a new phenomenon, what made this case different was that both the killers were gamers and fans of the violent video game ‘Doom’. We will write a custom essay sample on Do video games make children behave violently (Doom, Grand Theft Auto) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Even though there are many people who disagree that video games were responsible for the attack, it must be looked at from another point of view. â€Å"How do two adolescent boys not only come up with the idea for a paramilitary attack on their high school but also maintain interest, plot a strategy, field test their weaponry and carry out the attack with a precision not usually associated with teenagers? † (Larkin) These teenagers had taken this game very seriously. In his website Harris had even created add-on levels on his website and posted instructional files. The frustration that these boys faced in real life was given an outlet by playing these games. â€Å"Certainly the long hours playing Doom and Quake allowed Harris and Klebold fantasy outlets in which their masculine prowess was unchallenged† (Larkin). A sawed off gun that one of the boys carried was named â€Å"Arlene† after one of the characters in Doom (BBC) The im plicit message in all of these games is that in order to progress to the next level the player has to kill anything that comes in front of him and the only way to do that is by collecting firepower. Another message that is propagated is that the player is always on the right side and his actions are always justified. These children are more sensitive to what goes on in the cyber world than what happens in real life.

Railway Work Shop Free Essays

INDEX 1. Acknowledgement 2. Introduction 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Railway Work Shop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Layout of Railway Workshop 4. Salient Features of Jodhpur Railway Workshop 5. B. T. C. 6. Shop Organization 7. Machine Shop 8. Mill Wright Shop 9. Black Smith Heat Treatment Shop 10. Roller Bearing 11. Corrosion Shop 12. Brake Gearing Shop 13. Lifting Shop 14. Project ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To make any endeavor successful, especially where the cooperation so many is needed, a lot of help is needed from those who are in a position to help. In the Engineering field only theoretical knowledge cannot satisfy an Engineer’s need and only on the basis an Engineer cannot do field work efficiently therefore it is very important for an Engineering student to opt some training. To get this knowledge every student of engineer college takes training according to his own branch in a well established factory or an organization in which work is being done practical and how practical work is managed in normal working condition. I am grateful to MR. RAJAT BHAGWAT, the Training and placement officer, M. B. M. Engineering College, Jodhpur for giving me the permission fro training. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who made my training at NORTH WESTERN RAILWAY WORKSHOP, (JODHPUR) not only possible, but also a learning experience. My sincere thanks to the Sh. Mr. B. C. Soni (B. T. C. Chief Instructor), Mr. M. S. Solanki (Sr. Instructor), Mr. R. K. Jain (Sr. Instructor), Mr. A. K. Gautam (Sr. Instructor), Mr. Rajesh Purohit (Sr. Instructor), Mr. Premdas Vaishnav (Sec. Engineer), Mr. Rajendra (Ju. Engineer), Mr. L. P. Verma (Sr. Sec. Engineer), Mr. Rajendra Sisodia (Store Clerk), Smt. Urmila Solanki (Office Clerk) I also express my sincere thanks to the incharge of B. T. C. for their regular Guidance and their helpful nature without which I cannot complete my training. I am also thankful to all the incharge of Jodhpur Railway Workshop and their sub ordinates and workers, which helped us a lot and shown the interest in us, it gives me a great pleasure in presenting my training report on Jodhpur Railway Workshop. Sumita Hemrom B. E. II Year Student Mechanical Engineering M. B. M. Engg. College, Jodhpur ADMINISTRATIVE HIERACHY Jodhpur workshop is handled by Chief Workshop Manager. He is assisted by a team of officers with the sectional staff as under: C. W. M. Sh. S. D. Meena Dy. C. M. E. Sh. D. S. Bhati W. M. Sh. J. P. Sharma W. E. E. Sh. R. S. Choudhary S. P. O Sh. N. S. Chawada S. A. F. A. Sh. K. C. Ramdeo X. En. Sh. D. R. Choudhary A. W. M. Sh. R. A. Yadav W. A. E. E. Sh. L. D. Gautam A. F. A. Sh. S. S. Ram INTRODUCTION Workshop is located near main Railway station of Jodhpur. This workshop is well established and running successfully as a complete organization. In 1969, to increase administrative efficiency, the post of â€Å"Works Manager† was upgraded to Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer. Now a days, this workshop has not only stopped importing valuable and costly components but also started the production of some essential and sophisticate components. Along with this, the basic role of Jodhpur workshop is: – 1. Periodic over hauling of the Railway coach and bogies at the level. 2. Manufacture and repairing of components used in Diesel engine for Diesel shed. 3. Maintenance and repairing of all the machines, which are installed in Jodhpur Railway station. 4. Now a days, it is also engaged in production of some components, which needs to be replaced in Railway coaches and bogies. There are 16 regional head quarters in India which are as follows:- 1. Western Railway – Mumbai 2. Central Railway – Mumbai 3. Northern Railway – New Delhi 4. Southern Railway – Chennai 5. Eastern Railway – Chennai 6. South Eastern Railway – Calcutta 7. North Eastern Railway – Gorakhpur 8. South Central Railway – Secundarabad 9. North East Frontier Railway – Guwahati 10. East Central Railway – Hazipur 11. North Central Railway – Allahabad 12. North Western Railway – Jaipur 13. West Central Railway – Jabalpur 4. South Western Railway – Hubli 15. South East Central Railway – Bilaspur 16. East Coast Railway – Bhuvaneshwer SALIENT FEATURES OF JODHPUR RAILWAY WORKSHOP | 1. |Total Area | 115339 sq. m. | | 2. |Covered Area (Shed + Buildings) | 48983 sq. m. | | 3. |Track length | 8820. 9 m. | | 4. |Road Length | 1564 m. | | 5. Electric Consumption | 2. 2 lac units/month | | 6. |No. Of Machines | 446 | | 7. |Standby Generation Capacity | 796 KW | | 8. |Power Demand | 1240 KVA | | 9. |Power Factor | 0. 85 | | 10. Water Storage: Underground | 3337 lit. | | |Overhead |225 lit. | | 11. | Pneumatic Power By | 10 Compressors | POWER SUPPLY The electricity is supplied by JVVNL and is also generated by generator sets in case of supply failure. The requirement of electricity in workshop is as follows:- | 1. |Connected Load | 4600 KVA | | 2. Demand | 1360 KVA | | 3. |Maximum Demand | 1400 KVA | | 4. |Actual Utilization: Day Shift | 110-1250 KVA | | |Night Shift |400-500 KVA | | 5. |Average Consumption per day | 9000 Units | | 6. Lighting Consumption Per Month | 15000 Units | Today the staff strength stands at 2400 employees including 150 supervisors and 6 administrative officers. In 1992 it achieved the ISO 9001 certificate. Shop Organization [pic] BLACK SMITH AND HEAT TREATMENT INTRODUCTION Smithing is understood to handle relative small jobs only such as can be heated in an open fire or hearth. The shop in which the work is carried out is known as smithy’s or smithy shop and various operation are performed by means of hand hammer or small power hammers. Forging refers to production of those parts which must be heated in a close furnace. The portion of work in which forging is done is termed as the forge and work is mainly performed by means of heavy hammers, forging machines and presses. Shaping of metal is done either by steady compression or by impact between hammer and anvil after heating it above recrystallisation temperature in forging. Forging can be defined as the controlled plastic deformation of metal at elevated temperature in to a predetermined sizes and shapes using compressive forces exerted through some type of die by a hammer, a press or an upsetting machine. The B. S. H. T. shop is divided as:- 1. Draw gear section 2. Buffer section 3. Spring section INSTALLATIONS 1. Pneumatic power hammers (5 nos. ) 250 kg. Capacity-2nos. 500 kg. Capacity-1nos. 1000 kg. Capacity-2nos. 2. Hydraulic presses (3 nos) 3. Combined shearing, punching and nibbing machine (1 nos) 4. Spring testing machine (2 nos. ) 5. Air blowers (2 nos. ) 50 h. p. 6. Grinder (1 nos. ) 7. Circular saw (1 nos) 8. Power hacksaw (1 nos ) 9. Furnace (6 nos) 10. Shot peening machine (1 nos) 11. Tension (proof load ) testing machine (1 nos) PNEUMATIC POWER HAMMER:- The hammer has two cylinders compressor cylinder ram cylinder. Piston of compressor cylinder compresses air and delivers it to the ram cylinder where it accelerate the piston, which is integral with ram delivering the blows to the work. The reciprocation of the compression piston is obtained from a crank drive which is powered from a motor through reducing gear. The air distributor device between the two cylinders consist of rotary valves with parts through which air passes into the ram cylinder, blows above the piston, alternatively. This drives the ram up down respectively. HYDRAULIC POWER PRESS:- In power press the ram is driven by power instead of hand as in the case of hand press , The principal of a typical forging press is as follows:- The fluid passes first from a large capacity tank to a pump and then is delivered on the press with the aid of an accumulator and distributor at a pressure of at a pressure of at 200 to 300 kg/cm. The accumulator fluid pressure flows into to main cylinder and pressure on the top of the large piston. Since the cross-section area of the piston in the main cylinder is large, the press ram is forced down upon the material to be forged which lies on the anvil with high total power. Each power stroke the large piston is returned into its initial position by action of the working fluid on the piston rod in the pull back cylinder. To perform this motion, a relatively lower fluid pressure, but a large volume of water per unit time is required to accelerate the return stroke. FURNACES: The job is heated to correct forging temperature in a hearth or furnaces. The gas and oil are economical, easily controlled and most widely used fuels. In workshop, we used coal and crude oil as fuel forge furnaces are built so as to ensure a temperature up to 1350 degree centigrade in their working chamber. Two types of furnaces are used in this shop:- 1. Coke fired furnaces 2. Coal fired furnaces In cock furnace coke is used as fuel. In oil fired furnaces diesel is used as fuel. Diesel is sent by cast iron pipes from diesel tank in an injector and compressed air is sent on high intensity by a blower. The air jet mixed with diesel is used as fuel in oil fired furnace. Furnace are used to red hot the raw material to the required temperature. Fuel is injected into these furnace with a great pressure associated with air blast. This high pressure is generated by centrifugal air compressor, which is situated in the shop itself. This compressed air from the compressor is then taken to several furnaces through the underground pipes. One man is present near the furnace that puts the raw material and takes out the red-hot material, which is then placed under power hammer. After acquiring the required shape, these products are either hardened by various hardening procedures or simply cooled to the atmospheric temperature. Draw Gear Section:- The draw gear and screw coupling are used to connect two coaches to each other. These are designed for a proof load of 75tones and breaking load of 130t. The components are specially heat treated to achieve the load bearing capacity. In maintenance procedure of draw gear and screw coupling stress relieving is done. The components made of st 60-61 are to be stress relived and the new material introduced for draw gear IS: 5517-93 Grade35Mn6M03 is not to be heat treated. The maximum temperature up to which draw gear can be heated is 550 C. Buffer Section:- Buffers are used to absorb the shock during impact action of coaches. Apart from absorb the impact energy it also guide the coaches to align in track during turn on curvature. Each buffer has capacity of 1030 kg-m with a total stroke of 127 mm. Rubber springs are used in this buffer assembly so it have low absorption capacity in earlier part of the stroke which rises rapidly towards the end resulting in absorption of high shock loads and transmitting of minimum end pressure to under frame. Components of buffer assembly: ? Buffer casing (cast steel) ? Buffer plunger (cast steel, forged) ? Rubber buffer pads ? Buffer spindle ? Destruction tube ? Recoil spring ? Recoil spring parting plate ? Buffing spring parting plate ? Recoil spring washer ? Face plate for buffer plunger M-24 Hex head bolt Spring Section:- The springs are used in the bogie for the suspension system of coaches. There are two types of suspension as primary and secondary suspension. The springs classified to primary and secondary system by the load carried by them. Fig: Inspection procedure:- Inspect all components visually for dimensional distortion and surface defects such as cracks, wear, dent marks and pitting etc. Remove scale, rust, light cracks by grinder. Stress relieving. In case of doubt of cracks dye penetration or magna flux machine is used to check the cracks Load test is done on load testing machine for 100t to 150t. In all this procedure if component is find ok then it is dispatched to the assembly. ROLLER BEARING In passenger coaches of Indian Railway system, only single bearing type axle box arrangement is used, means only two bearing are used to support the axle. The bearing used for this purpose is of Spherical Type Roller Bearing. CONSTRUCTION:- Spherical roller bearing consist of an outer ring having a spherical race way within which two rows of barrel shaped rollers operate. These rollers are guided by an inner ring with two raceway separated by a center rib. This bearing has self alignment. Spherical roller bearings have a large capacity for radial loads, axle loads in either direction. Spherical roller bearing no. 22336/c3 with 130 mm parallel bore on the inner ring are being used on ICF type coaches. They are directly shrunk fit on the axle journals. These roller bearings are to be inspected periodically as per schedule. Fig: TOOLS AND PLANTS FOR MAINTENANCE OF ROLLER BEARING:- |S. no. |Function |Equipment used | |1. Cleaning of roller bearing |3 stage cleaning plant or pre wash, wash water rinsing | |2. |Dismounting of spherical roller bearings |Hydraulic dismounting equipment-withdrawal nut | |3. |Mounting of roller bearings |Induction heater with demagnetizing device | |4. |Securing of end locking bolts |Torque wrench | |5. |Visual inspection of demounted roller bearings |Magnifying glass with light | |6. Checking of radial clearance |Long feeler gauge | |7. |Measurement of journal |Outside micrometer | | | | | | | | | DISMOUNTI NG OF BEARING:- ? For dismounting of bearings, special hydraulic dismounting equipment is used. This machine injects oil between the journal and bore to the inner ring with high pressure which expands inner ring resulting in breaking of interference. The bearing becomes loose on the journal and slides over it. The bearing is then removed from the journal and sent to the cleaning plant. ? All components of bearing such as inner ring, outer ring, rollers, and cage are examined for cracks, damage and breakage. If bearing is found free from all the defects mentioned above, the radial clearance is measured with feeler gauge. Radial clearance is not within prescribed limits, the bearing is rejected. RECOMMENDED RADIAL CLEARANCE LIMITS FOR BEARING IN DISMOUNTED CONDITION: |Bearing make |Radial clearance | |SKF |0. 105 to 0. 296 mm | |NBC |0. 080 to 0. 190 mm | MOUNTING OF BEARING:- ? Before mounting the bearings, it is checked that journal and shoulder diameters are within permissible limits. All direct mounted spherical roller bearing have interference fit with axle journal, therefore it requires heating and shrinkage fitting. Heating of bearings is done by using an induction heater. Fig: ? Temperature range for heating the bearing is 100 to 120 centigrade. ? Induction heating is a quick, safe, energy saving and environment friendly process. In this system, bearing is short circuited to perform as a secondary winding whereas the core winding is at primary side. Bearing is placed around a yoke. Due to principal of induction current, bearing is heated due to its electrical resistance and attains the desired temperature. It is recommended to set the machine in such a way that it t akes 5 to 7 minutes to attain the temperature of 120c maximum of bearing. ? Heated bearing mounted on journal with the help of hook and it is positioned by giving light taps with plastic hammer. BEARING IS REJECTED FOR THE FOLLOWING DEFECTS: ? Pitted or flaked roller tracks and rollers. ? Cracked or deformed or badly worn out cage ? Cracked inner or outer ring ? Scored or damaged outer surface of the outer ring. ? Indentation or rings or rollers ? Scoring of roller tracks or rollers ? Corrosion damage Excessive or less radial clearance CORROSION SHOP ICF coaches incorporate a no. of pressed steel sections made of thin sheets (1. 6, 2. 0, 2. 5, 4 mm) and plates of thickness 5 to 16 mm in the construction of the shell. These sheets are considerably stressed as the design of the coaches is based on the principle of a self supporting structure and it is essential that these coaches are maintained in good condition free from corrosion. Corrosion is take place when a steel surface comes in contact with moisture. For prevention the corrosion, film of paint is coated on steel surfaces. In addition to it, application of an inhibite Zinc Chromate Red Oxide Primer is done to prevent the surfaces coming in contact with atmosphere. Surfaces which are not finish painted have also been given ? coats of bituminous emulsion which gives added protection to the steel surfaces by excluding moisture along with primer. If due to some reason like abrasive action of sand, the bituminous film brake down, the inhibitive primer acts as a second line of defence. Corrosion of steel surfaces starts only when both the bituminous and the primer suffer mechanical injury. Corrosion is indicated by: ? Flaking of paints ? Flaking of metals ? Pitting and rusting Corrosion can be classified into two categories as vulnerable and not vulnerable. Vulnerable corrosion of parts means, the parts are fully corroded and they should be changed for further operation. The examples of vulnerable members in coaches are tubular frame below lavoratories, trough floor in bays, sole bar, body pillars etc. Not vulnerable parts mean the parts which are corroded to little depth and they may be use still by treatment of corrosion. The examples of mot vulnerable members are head stock inner and outer along with stiffening tubes, roof sheets, body side doors, partition walls, water tank ceiling construction, battery box etc. All the components of coaches are examined in following way for corrosion:- ? Visual inspection ? By spiked hammer ? In the inner surfaces by making g the holes in corresponding component. ? If the components are corroded excess as prescribed limit then change the component by new one. ? And if the component is not so much corroded then repair the component by scrapping old coats of paint and make new coats of paints of anticorrosive layer BRAKE GEAR SHOP Presently coaches are mounted with air brake system instead of vacuum brake system due to better braking application. The air brake used is TWIN PIPE GRADUATED RELEASE AIR BRAKE SUSTEM. In this system two pipes known as feed pipe and brake pipe are used, instead of that there are two brake cylinder on each bogie, one auxiliary reservoir, a distribution valve, a control reservoir etc. The air brake system uses compressed air supplied by the main reservoir in locomotive. The locomotive compressors charge the feed pipe throughout the length of the train . The feed pipe is connected to the auxiliary reservoir and the brake pipe is connected to the brake cylinder through the distributor valve. Brake application takes place by dropping the pressure in the brake pipe. Charging the brake system †¢ Brake pipe throughout the length of train is charged with compressed air at 5 kg/cm2 †¢ Feed Pipe throughout the length of train is charged with compressed air at 6 kg/cm2 †¢ Control reservoir is charged to 5 kg/cm2 †¢ Auxiliary reservoir is charged to 6 kg/cm2 Brake application stage For brake application the brake pipe pressure is dropped by ventilating air from the driver’s brake valve. Subsequently the following actions take place †¢ The control reservoir is disconnected from the brake pipe. †¢ The distributor valve connects the auxiliary reservoir to the brake cylinder and the brake cylinder piston is pushed outwards for applications of brakes. †¢ The auxiliary reservoir is however continuously from feed pipe at 6kg/cm2 |Description |Reduction in B. P Pressure | |Minimum Brake application |0. 5 to 0. kg/cm2 | |Service Brake application |0. 8 to 1. 0 kg/cm2 | |Full service Brake application |1. 0 to 1. 5 kg/cm2 | |Emergency Brake application |Brake pipe is fully exhausted and its pressure reduces | | |to almost zero. | Brake release stage: Brakes are released by recharging brake pipe to 5 kg/cm2 pressure through the driver’s brake valve. ? The distributor valve isolated the brake cylinder from the auxiliary reservoirs. ? The brake cylinder pressure is vented to atmosphere through DV and brake cylinder moves inwards. [pic] BRAKE CYLINDER Every coach fitted with air brake system, have two brake cylinders for actuating brake rigging for the application and release of brakes. During application of brakes the brake cylinder develops mechanical brake power by outward movements of its piston assembly, by receiving air pressure from auxiliary reservoir through the distributor valve. This mechanical power is transmitted to the brake shoes through a combination of levers. During release action of brakes the compression spring provided in the brake cylinder brings back the rigging to its original position. The cylinder body is made out of sheet or cast iron and carries the mounting bracket, air inlet connection rib and flanges to the cylinder body a dome cover is fitted with the help of bolts and nuts. The dome cover enclosed the spring and passage for the piston trunk which is connected to the piston by screws. The piston is cast iron having a groove in which piston packing is seated . piston packing is of oil and abrasion resistant rubber material and is snap fit to the piston head. The packing as self lubricating characteristic which ensure adequate lubrication over a long service period and extends seal life considerably. AUXILARY RESERVOIR The auxiliary reservoir is a cylindrical vessel made of sheet metal. On both the ends of the reservoir, flanges are provided for pipe connections. One end of the auxiliary reservoir is charged through the feed pipe to a pressure of 6 kg/cm2 . At the bottom of the auxiliary reservoir, a drain cock is provided for draining out the condensate/moisture . The auxiliary reservoir should be overhauled in every POH. DISTRIBUTOR VALVE Distributor valve is the most important functional component of air brake system and is also referred as the heart of air brake system. The distributor valve sense drop and rise in brake pipe pressure for brake application and release capacity. It is connected to the brake pipe through branch pipe. Various other components connected to the distributor valve are auxiliary reserve reservoir, brake cylinders and control reservoir. FUNCTION OF DISTRIBUTOR VALVE For application and release of brakes the brake pipe pressure has to be reduced and increased respectively with the help of driver’s brake vale. During these operations the distributor valve mainly performs the following function. i) Charges the brake system to regime pressure during normal running condition. ii) Help in graduated brake application, when pressure in brake pipe is reduced in steps. ii) Helps in graduated brake release, when pressure in brake pipe is increased in steps. iv) Quickly propagates reduction of pressure in brake pipe throughout the length of the train by arranging additional air pressure reduction locally inside the distributor valve. v) Limits maximum brake cylinder pressure for full service applicationemergency application. vi) Control the time for brake application and brake release depend ing on service conditions. vii) Facilitates complete discharge of air from the air brake system manually with the help of operating lever. iii) Protects overcharging of control reservoir when the brake pipe pressure is quickly increased for releasing the brakes. C3W DISTRIBUTOR VALVE The C3W distributor valve consists of: 1) Main body 2) Quick service valve 3) Main valve 4) Limiting device 5) Double release valve 6) Auxiliary reservoir check valve 7) Cut off valve 8) Application choke 9) Release choke OPERATION OF C3W DISTRIBUTOR VALVE For effective functioning of air brake system, the distributor valve has to operate effectively during 1) Charging stage 2) Application stage 3) Release stage 1) CHARGING STAGE During charging stage the compressed air flows from the brake pipe and enters into the brake pipe chamber of main valve, cutoff valve and quick service valve. Due to this pressure the various valve get activated and perform as under MAIN VALVE Due to brake pipe pressure acting on top face of the large diaphragm, differential pressure acts on the main valve. As a result the hollow stem moves downward there by connecting brake cylinder to atmosphere. In addition these because of BP pressure at top of large diaphragm it press ring and trigger. This action unlocks the CR release valve by raising upward the locking rod. CUT OFF VALVE As brake pipe pressure enters into the cut off valve it flows through the solex jet and valve, (which is held upon due to action of BP pressure on bottom side of the lower diaphragm) to the control reservoir, as the CR BP pressure equalizes, diaphragm assembly comedown and valve reach to lap position. The control reservoir pressure now also reaches to the upper portion of top diaphragm of quick service valve and the bottom portion of large diaphragm of main valve simultaneously, the auxiliary reservoir is charged with BP pressure reaching from cut off valve chamber- via auxiliary reservoir check valve. ) APPLICATION STAGE EMERGENCY APPLICATION During emergency application the brake pipe pressure is reduced rapidly to 0 kg / cm2 by the driver’s brake valve. Because of this drop the position of the various valves will be as described below. MAIN VALVE: With drop in BP pressure to 0 kg / cm2 differential pressure acts across the large diaphragm. As a result the hol low stem is moved in upward direction and pushes the check valve there by opening the passage for entry of auxiliary reservoir pressure at top portion of main valve. This pressure then gets a way to break cylinder through limiting device. The brake cylinder thus gets charged with the compressed air. This pressure is known as BC-pressure. LIMITING DEVICE The auxiliary reservoir pressure, which entered into the top position of main valve, now enters the limiting device through the valve, which is held open. From limiting device air pressure now enter the brake cylinder. When the BC pressure rises to 3. 8 kg / cm2 the upwards force on the diaphragm lifts the guide and the valve at the bottom of the limiting device gets closed. Thus further entry of air into the brake cylinder stops. When the brake cylinder pressure reaches 3. kg / cm2 this pressure i. e. BC pressure act on Top face of small diaphragm of main valve ? Bottom face of upper diaphragm of cut off valve ? Top (small chamber) of quick service valve Now because of this BC pressure acting at main valve small diaphragm, the hollow stem is pulled down. As a result the check valve at top comes down to close stage and assume lap position with the hollow stem closing f urther entry of AR pressure. CUT OFF VALVE: In cut off valve the bottom face of the upper diaphragm is subjected to BC pressure because of which guide is lifted. Also the upper portion of lower diaphragm is subjected to CR pressure, which pushes the total assembly downwards. This action closes the valve off cut off valve, these by isolating it from control reservoir pressure. QUICK SERVICE VALVE In quick service valve BC pressure acts at the top of valve and control reservoir pressure act at top face of upper diaphragm, As a result the stem is pushed down BP pressure inside the DV is at â€Å"0† kg / cm2 the residue BP pressure from the bulb of quick service valve will flow back and vent to atmosphere with the BP line. GRADUATED APPLICATION During graduated brake application the brake pipe pressure is draped in steps by driver is brake valve. The movement of various valve assemblies is almost in the some direction as during emergency application, but their movement is comparatively less. In the main valve however after each application the hollow stem assumes the lap position with the check valve. In addition to this during graduated application the bottom valve of limiting device is held open to allow compressed air to enter into brake cylinder. When BC pressure reaches 3. kg / cm2 the bottom valve in the limiting device gets closed, similarly at the time of full service application as the BC pressure reaches 3. 8 + 0. 1 kg / cm2 within specified time, the position of various valve assemblies will be the same as described above. 3) RELEASE STAGE When the brake pipe pressure is increased in steps for graduated release of breaks the position of different valve is as described below. MAIN VALVE At th e top face of large diaphragm as the BP pressure increases, the hollow stem is moved down ward leaving its lap position with check valve. The BC pressure thus finds a passage from top of hollow stem to exhaust to the atmosphere. This action reduces pressure on top of the upper diaphragm and the hollow stem engine lifts up to lap position. It closes the hollow stem top portion. The some cycle is repeated when BP is increased during next stage. In this way graduated release effect is obtained. CUT OFF VALVE; As the BP pressure increase the position of cut off valve remains similar as in graduated application i. e. the cut off valve will remain close isolating CR pressure from brake pipe pressure. QUICK SERVICE VALVE When the BP pressure is increased then as explained above from the main valve the BC pressure gets exhausted to atmosphere. This action gradually reduces the BC pressure. When BC pressure reduces to 0. 8 kg / cm2 during brake release, the force at the top of the quick service valve, becomes comparatively less than BP pressure present in Quick service valve. As a result the valve at top gets lifted thereby giving passage to blocked BP pressure to atmosphere with the exhaust of BP pressure the quick services valve of the distributor valve again gets ready for next brake application. MANUAL RELEASE Double release valve provides for accelerated manual brake release when is particularly useful during shunting operation. A short pull on the lever of double release valve is all that is needed. This action opens the control reservoir release chock valve, which is then held open by the locking rod, venting control reservoir through the open control reservoir release check valve brings the main valve to release position and exhaust the brake cylinder pressure through the hollow stem. PASSENGER EMERGENCY ALARM SYSTEM It consists of two components: 1. Passenger emergency alarm signal device (PEASD) 2. Passenger emergency alarm valve(PAEAV) These two components in combination give an indication to the e driver that some passenger is in need to stop the train. The indication is transmitted from the coach when the passenger pulls the chain. Passenger Emergency Alarm Signal Device:- PEASD is a manually operated pilot vent valve. It is operated through mechanical force exerted by pulling the alarm chain provided inside the coaches for emergency use. Passenger Emergency Alarm Valve:- Passenger coaches are fitted with an alarm chain pull arrangement. Alarm chain is connected to the two PEASD which are situated at either side of one end wall of the coach. PEASD’S are connected to the PEAV through a 10mm control pipe. BP pressure is fed to the PEAV through a 20mm branch pipe, in the event of alarm chain pull air is depleted form the control pipe connecting PEAV and PEASD causing BP pressure to exhaust through the 4 mm choke in the PEAV. This causes partial application of brakes. This drop in pressure in the brake pipe line is also observed in flow meter fitted in the locomotive for the driver to stop the train. LIFITING SHOP The main constructional and design feature of the ICF/RCF all-coil bogies, used on mainline BG coaches are briefly described as follows: |S. No. Description |Parameters | |1 |Maximum Axle load bearing |16,25t,13t | | |capacity | | |2 |Wheel base |2896 mm | |3 |Wheel Diameter |915 mm | |4 |Axle guidance |Telescopic axle guide with oil damping | |5 |Primary suspension |Coil spring | |6 |Secondary suspension |Coil spring | |7 |Shock absorbers |Vertical dashpot in primary suspension | | | |Hydraulic double a cting vertical shock | | | |Absorber in secondary suspension. |8 |Transfer of coach body weight |Through bogie side bearer pitched | | | |at 1600mm | ALL-COIL ICF BOGIE The bogies being currently manufactured by ICF/RCF which have been accepted as standards of the Indian Railways and are of an all welded light weight construction. Axles are located on the bogie by telescopic dash pot and axle guide assemblies. Helical coil springs are used in both the primary and the secondary stages. The axle guide device provides viscous damping across primary springs while hydraulic dampers are provided across the secondary stage. Dampers are protected against misalignment by resilient fittings. Isolation of vibration is effected by rubber pads in primary and secondary suspension. Deflection due to the tare weight is almost equally divided between axles and bolster springs. Weight of coach body is transferred to its bogie by side bearers consist of lubricated metal slides immersed in oil baths. No vertical weight transfer is affected through bogie pivot and the pivot acts merely as a centre of rotation and serves to transmit tractive / braking forces only. BOGIE ASSEMBLY The bogie frame and components are of all-welded light construction with a wheel base of 2. 896 metre. The wheel sets are provided with self-aligning spherical roller bearings mounted in cast steel axle box housings. Helical coil springs are used in both primary and secondary suspension. The weight of the coach is transferred through side bearers on the bogie bolsters. The ends of the bogie bolsters rest on the bolster helical springs over the lower spring beam suspended from the bogie frame by the inclined swing links at an angle 70 . Hydraulic shock absorbers and dash pots are provided in the secondary and primary suspensions respectively to damp vertical oscillations. AXLE BOX GUIDE WITH DASH POT ARRANGEMENT Axle box guides are of cylindrical type welded to the bottom flanges of the bogie side frame with close dimensional accuracy. These guides together with lower spring seats located over the axle box wings house the axle box springs and also serve as shock absorbers. These guides are fitted with guide caps having nine holes of diameter 5 mm equidistant through which oil in the lower spring seat passes under pressure during dynamic oscillation of coach and provide necessary damping to primary suspension to enhance better riding equality of coach. This type of rigid axle box guide arrangement eliminates any longitudinal or transverse relative movement between the axles and the bogie frame. The quantity of oil required to achieve 40 mm oil lever above the guide cap in modified arrangement is approximately 1. 6 liters and in unmodified arrangement is approximately 1. 4 litters. AIR VENT SCREWS On the bogie side frames, directly above the dash-pots, tapped holes are provided for replenishing oil in the dash pots. Special screws with copper asbestos washers are screwed on the tapped hole to make it air light. BOGIE BOLSTER SUSPENSION The bolster rests on the bolster coil springs- two at each end, located on the lower spring beam which is suspended from the bogie side frame by means of bolster-spring-suspension (BSS) hangers on either side. The two anchor links diagonally positioned are provided with silent block bushes. The links prevent any relative movement between the bogie frame and coach body. SPRINGS In ICF bogie, helical springs are used in both primary and secondary suspension. The springs are manufactured from peeled and centre less ground bar of chrome vanadium/chrome molybdenum steel conforming to STR No. WD-01-HLS-94(Rev. 1) CENTRE PIVOT ARRANGEMENT The centre pivot pin joins the body with the bogie and transmits the tractive and braking forces on the bogies. It does not transmit any vertical load. It is equipped with rubber silent block bushes which tend to centralize the bogies with respect to the body and, to some extent, control and damp the angular oscillations of the bogies SIDE BEARERS The side bearers are provided to support the weight of the coach. It consists of a machined steel wearing plate immersed in an oil bath and a floating bronze-wearing piece with a spherical top surface kept in it, on both sides of the bogie bolster. The coach body rests on the top spherical surface of these bronze-wearing pieces through the corresponding attachment on the bottom of the body-bolster. The whole arrangement is provided with a cover to prevent entry of dust in the oil sump. ANCHOR LINKS The floating bogie bolster which supports the coach body is held in position longitudinally by the anchor links which are pinned to the bolster sides and the bogie Transoms. One anchor link is provided on each side of the bolster diagonally across. The links can swivel universally to permit the bolster to rise and fall and sway side wards. They are designed to take the tractive and braking forces. The anchor links are fitted with silent block bushes SILENT BLOCK This is a synthetic rubber bush fitted in anchor link and center pivot of ICF bogies to transmit force without shock and reduce noise. EQUALISING STAYS This Device has been provided on bogies between the lower spring plank and the bolster to prevent lateral thrust on the bolster springs which have not been designed to take lateral force. These links have pin connection at both ends and therefore can swivel freely. BOLESTER SPRING SUSPENSION HANGERS (BSS HANGERS) In the secondary suspension the bolster is supported on helical coil springs which are placed on the lower spring plank is suspended from the bogie side frame through BSS hanger on hanger blocks. SHOCK ABSORBERS Hydraulic shock absorber is also provided to work in parallel with the bolster springs to facilitate damping for vertical oscillations. WORKSHOP MAINTENANCE- BOGIE SHOP 1. Coach Lifting 2. Bogie cleaning 3. Bogie dismantling 4. Component cleaning 5. Attention to components 6. Repair of components 7. Bogie assembly 8. Load testing and adjustment 9. Lowering of coach 10. Final adjustment OBJECT:- To study inspection testing procedure of helical spring of coaches also suggest methods of improvement to reduce rejection prevention from corrosion. USE OF SPRINGS:- Springs are used in the suspension system of coaches to absorbs the jerks developed during running of coach and provide comfort to the passengers. INSPECTION OF SPRINGS:- Springs are inspected during every POH. The inspection procedure is as follows: ? Springs which are lowered from the bogie are sent for the washing in spring section. Here the springs are dipped in the caustic soda tank for 12 to 16 hrs. so the oil, grease, scale etc are cleaned. ? Springs are then washed by the water jet. ? Visually inspect the springs for breakage, welding marks, cracks and corrosion pits. ? Shot peening for surface finish and fatigue relief of springs. ? Cracks are tested in magna flux machine. ? Coding of springs ? Anti corrosive coating of red oxide, and painted. ? Load test ? Grouping SHOT PEENING:- Shot peening is done for the surface finish and fatigue relief of springs. In shot peening process small particles of chilled iron are blasted on the springs with high velocity, so these particles works as abrasive and take away a fine layer of metal with it. And the surface of springs looks clean. Rotary Table Type Shot Blasting machine is used for the shot peening process. This machine has two tables which alternately loaded by springs. The max. dia of job is 1800 mm and load carrying capacity is 2500kg.. At a time 25 axle box springs or 18 bolster springs can be shot peened by the machine. TESTING OF CRACKS:- It is nondestructive method of testing. Magna flux machine is used for detection of cracks in spring. The spring is first bathed by the solution of flouroscent, iron powder and kerosene. Then the springs are magnetized by the machine with clamping in machine itself. When the springs are magnetized, the springs are lightened by the ultraviolet lamp. Since the process is done in the dark room, so if the springs have cracks then this flouroscent shines which penetrated in the springs due to crack ness and detection of cracks is done so the spring will rejected. LOAD TEST:- After coding and coating of paint the springs are sent to the load test. The springs are tested for the 2000ton load and this load is kept for 1 to 2 minutes. If the springs can sustain this load with limited deflection then springs are selected else rejected. METHODS OF IMPROVEMENT:- Use the springs made of standardized material as suggested by Railway’s Standard. ? The springs should be made of fine grained spring steel. ? Use the springs manufactured by the authentic company and also notice the manufacturing process of springs should be according to the standardized method. ? 100% of springs should be checked for all the test procedure. PREVENTION FROM CORROSION:- Springs should be coated with the anticorrosive paint and black bituminous paint. ———————– Technician 2 Technician 1 Senior technician Supervisor Supervisor Junior Engineer 2 Junior Engineer 2 Junior Engineer 1 Junior Engineer 1 Section Engineer Senior Section Engineer (SSE) Helper How to cite Railway Work Shop, Essay examples

Blindness Is Not Inability Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Blindness Is Not Inability. Answer: Identification and analysis of the social marketing issue There are various benefits of employing people with vision impaired into the organization. In a recent research by Augustus and Library of Congress (2015), there has been realized a 91% of the untapped workforce, who want to be employed. Thus, Vision Australia is launching a Blindness, not inability campaign. Many blind people are willing to work hard and be loyal to their job. In addition, there are more likely not employed elsewhere. This campaign focuses on eliminating the expected norm by employers that blind people cannot do a good job in the organization because of their movement safety and the fact that they cannot access computers or be able to respond to emails promptly. Well, this is not true, and the campaign hopes to create a clear picture of how effective the vision-impaired people can be in the organization. The campaign is aimed at further shedding light on the issue of discriminating visually impaired people in hiring in organizations. Recruiters in an organization should be able to view the visually impaired people as productive as any other person and give them the chance to showcase their skills. Social cognitive theory for the application of blindness is not inability campaign This campaign is based on social cognitive theory, where the visually impaired individuals will set their goals in the organisation and work towards achieving them despite their condition (Davidson and Kanopy, 2016). Visually impaired individuals can be very productive in their job, so long as they have their objectives and goals to focus on. According to this theory, the campaign seeks to portray that, even while blind, an employee can harness their skills and be fit to achieve the organizations goals. Employers should learn that blindness is not inability in any way. This theory is crucial in the campaign because it helps to avoid making many errors in carrying it out. This theory should be able to demonstrate a link between exposure to the campaign message to the employers and the rapid change being influenced by this campaign to them (Klapdor, 2013). Theories in this campaign are meant to carry out evaluations on the campaigns, both in the effects and any wrong outcomes associated with the campaign. Development of the social marketing planning process This campaign targets on a large organization. Vision Australia seeks tho carry out this campaign by benefit positioning. This will help in creating job vacancies for the blind in a big organization. This includes changing the already existing perception that visually impaired people are not fit to work in organizations. The campaign calls for employers to offer visually impaired people a chance so that they can be able to enjoy the financial freedom like the rest of the people. This untapped workforce could bring positive changes to the organization at large. This campaign seeks to have a change of attitude in the organization on offering the visually impaired people with a job. Large organizations are the principal target in this campaign because many of the large organizations have limited workforce that has any disability. They tend to have a belief that people with disability will not be as productive like the rest of the workforce. However, there are three positive things about people with disabilities (Klapdor, 2013). First, people with disability are less likely to be absent from work nor take sick leaves. Secondly, individuals with visual impairment are likely to be loyal to their employers thus there is less turnover. Lastly, individuals with a disability tend to be flexible and are good problem solvers, due to the challenges they have faced in life. With the above, individuals with a disability can be as productive as the rest o the workforce in the organization. In marketing, this campaign, Vision Australia considers the four Ps ofmarketing (Bowen and Ozuem, 2016). Product The campaign seeks to change the existing attitudes in organizations that visually impaired people will not perform. It focuses on creating awareness that visually impaired people are as productive as the rest of the workforce in an organization. Price In the marketing process, the price of carrying this campaign has been set aside to impact on the marketing strategy and the outcomes. Promotion This campaign will be disseminated to the organizations through, advertising, social media marketing, video marketing, email marketing and search engine marketing to reach many organizations. Place This campaign is mainly going to be carried online, to reach as many potential clients as possible. Analysis of the social marketing environment upstream/downstream and policy issues The upstream issues in this campaign are to visit the large organizations to know how they perceive the issue of having the visually impaired people as part of the workforce. In addition, research on how other larger organization offer opportunities to visually impaired individuals. The downstream issues in the campaign are to use the downstream market to test on the ads and promotions before the actual campaign begins. Implementation of the social marketing campaign The campaign will be implemented through media outlets. This includes T.V, print media and social media outlets. Through this platform, the organization hopes that the campaign will reach the right audiences at the right time. Vision Australia will launch this campaign, through the media presence in order to create awareness and to start the campaign on a good note. Through the social media marketing, the keyword is the main objective to look on when carrying out the campaign to reach a larger audience. The social media strategies include using the outbound engine and mix panel in marketing, tracking on the visitors behaviour on the campaigns site and posts, use of landing pages, and repurposing the old content each time to look new and unique (Kim, 2016). Evaluation The progress of this campaign will be closely monitored through feedback from the social media and blog platforms, where employers who have signed up for the campaign will provide their insights on the blindness is not inability campaign. In addition, monitoring of this platform will be necessitated, by collecting the information that will be provided by employers who have signed up for this campaign, on the number of visually impaired people that have been incorporated in their organizations since the beginning of the campaign (Griffith London Metropolitan University, 2013). Lastly, the campaign will also be closely monitored through the search engine rankings. References Augustus, P., Library of Congress, (2015).Employment of people with disabilities: A resource guide. Bowen, G., Ozuem, W. (2016).Competitive social media marketing strategies. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Davidson, F., Kanopy (Firm). (2016).Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: An Introduction. Griffith, D., London Metropolitan University, (2013).Blind justice?: An investigation into the social and economic effectiveness of discrimination law in the delivery of fair employment for visually impaired people. London: London Metropolitan University. Kim, C. M. (2016).Social media campaigns: Strategies for public relations and marketing. New York, NY: Routledge. Klapdor, S. (2013).Effectiveness of online marketing campaigns: An investigation into online multichannel and search engine advertising. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Emily Walak Essays (1231 words) - Medicine, Clinical Medicine

Emily Walak DSP 350 Dr. Thompson Final Paper DATE \@ "d MMMM yyyy" 20 April 2018 The Effects of Caffeine Caffeine is a drug that can be found in seeds, nuts, and leaves in a number of plants in South America and East Asia. It dates as far back as the Stone Age when, some anthropologists believe, the first caffeinated beverage could have been created, based on cave drawings. People use caffeine for many things; including suppressing appetite, protecting against common diseases or even some cancers, and of course, staying awake when tired. Whether one is drinking green tea or an espresso, they are ingesting caffeine. The safest average dose of caffeine is about 400 mg per day. That is about three 8 oz cups of coffee, five 8 oz Red Bulls, or eight 8 oz cups of black tea. On the flip side, caffeine becomes toxic at about 10 grams, which is about 75 cups of coffee. That's a lot of coffee. Caffeine has many positive side effects when taken in moderation, however one must be careful because caffeine can also lead to excessive overuse, dependence, and unwanted negative side effects. To understand the full effect of caffeine, one must understand what happens in the brain when caffeine is ingested. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that slows down cellular activity. Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, which means there is no slow down of activity. Since the nerve cells are stimulated, they release adrenaline. The adrenaline release increases levels of dopamine. Overall, caffeine's effect on the brain is a feeling of alertness, a boost in physical energy, and a feeling of pleasure. Fredholm, Battig, Holmen, Nehlig, and Zvartau, (1999) write about this in the article "Actions of Caffeine in the Brain with Special Reference to Factors that Contribute to its Widespread Use." In this article there are studies done to try to explain why people ingest caffeine based on its different effects on the brain. He concludes that people ingest caffeine to increase motor behavior, improve mood, increase information processing and performance, delay the onset of sleep, and elevate clear-headedness under conditions of pain (Fredholm et al., 1999, p. 83). Xu, Xu, Chen, and Schwarzschild (2010) pose another article that reports on the positive effects of caffeine. Xu et al. present the research supporting the claim that caffeine intake reduces the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. In this study, experiments performed on mice using different metabolites found in caffeine show that caffeine has a neuroprotective effect on the mouse model of Parkinson's disease when administered in the right conditions (Xu et al., 2010, p. 475-481). That's not all, however. Lipton et al. (2008) write about another instance when caffeine is used to help people. Lipton et al. conducted a study on patients suffering from migraines, who met the international Headache Society's criteria for migraines. They tested the effectiveness of the combination of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine in reducing migraine occurrences and symptoms. The conclusion of the study is that the combin ation of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine is highly effective. It not only treats migraine headache pain, but it also alleviates common symptoms associated with migraine attacks in a safe way. Caffeine is a huge reason why the combination is so successful (Lipton et al., 2008). These are only a few of the ways that caffeine helps people functionally and medically. All of these are positive side effects of caffeine when taken in moderation. Ingesting too much caffeine will have very different effects. Everything is good in moderation, especially caffeine, however overuse of caffeine can cause serious side effects as well as dependence. The article "Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda" by Meredith, Juliano, Hughes, and Griffiths (2013) reviewed literature that showed evidence of the behavioral and physiological effects of caffeine that were similar to the effects of other drugs of dependence. Some of these effects were subjective effects, reinforcement, conditioned taste preference, withdrawal, and tolerance. They also reviewed clinical evidence for caffeine use disorder. This evidence included the DSM-IV Substance Dependence criteria applied to caffeine. The three criteria they looked at were the: (1) persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control caffeine use, (2) continued caffeine use despite knowledge of having a persistent or

Best Consulting Firms for MBAs

Best Consulting Firms for MBAs Consulting is a popular career path for business graduates. Many graduates love the idea of providing professional advice for a fee. They also like the salary that comes along with a job at a consulting firm. Consulting is one of the highest paying career paths that an MBA can pursue. If you are interested in a career as a consultant, there are a few consulting firms that you should explore prior to graduation. Parthenon-EY Parthenon-EY offers clients strategy consultancy. They tailor their services to the client and are always on the lookout for top talent. Parthenon-EY pays top dollar to recruit the best and brightest. New MBA graduates who are lucky enough to get a job at Parthenon-EY earn a base annual salary of $170,000. Generous signing bonuses ($35,000) and performance bonuses (up to $9,000) are also available. This makes  Parthenon-EY the highest paying consulting firm for new MBAs. McKinsey Company McKinsey Company is one of the big three consulting firms; the other two are Bain Company and Boston Consulting Group. Collectively, the three are known as MBB.  The New York Times has called McKinsey   Company  the most prestigious management consultancy in the world. So, it should come as no surprise that this management  consulting firm attracts a lot of new MBA graduates. Part of the allure of this company is the  salary offered to new employees. McKinsey Company pays a base salary of $152,500. New employees also receive a sign-on bonus of $25,000 and have a chance to earn performance bonuses up to $35,000. Strategy Strategy is also a global consulting firm with offices around the world. They have large clients in every industry. According to a recent report from Glassdoor,  Strategy is the second-highest paying employer in the United States. They recruit heavily at top business schools and offer a base annual salary of $150,000. New hires also get a $25,000 sign-on bonus and can earn almost $35,000 in performance bonuses. L.E.K. Consulting L.E.K. is a global consulting firm. They have offices in the Americas, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. They are widely considered to be one of the best consulting firms for MBAs. L.E.K. is always looking for new MBA graduates who are well-versed in mergers and acquisitions, corporate  strategy and operations. MBA grads can expect a base salary of $150,000, a sign-on bonus of $25,000 and performance bonuses up to $25,000. DeloitteSO Deloitte  SO is a well-known strategy and operations consulting firm. About 10 years ago, Business Week named Deloitte  SO one of the best places to launch a career, and since then, they have been ranked as one of the most in-demand employers in the world by LinkedIn. Deloitte  SO offers a base salary of $149,000, a sign-on bonus of $25,000 and performance bonuses up to $37,250. What sets them apart from some of the other consulting firms is the fact that Deloitte  SO  likes to reward their returning interns. An intern who works at Deloitte  SO and returns after graduation gets an additional  $17,500  in their sign-on bonus as well as reimbursement for their full 2nd year of MBA tuition; thats a big deal for any MBA student with large student loans. Bain Company As mentioned earlier,  Bain Company  is one of the big three consulting firms. They are considered a very desirable employer, and they are always seeking new MBAs who have experience with  mergers and acquisitions, corporate strategy, finance, and operations. Knowledge of restructuring is also helpful. Like the other large consulting firms, Bain Company offers a high base salary, a sign-on bonus and performance bonuses. The base salary is $148,000. The sign-on bonus is $25,000. And the performance bonus is up to $37,000.   Boston Consulting Group No list of the best consulting firms for MBAs would be complete without Boston Consulting Group  (BCG). They have offices around the world, and their clients include more than two-thirds of Fortune 500 companies. Boston Consulting Group often ranks rather high on the list of  100 Best Companies to Work For put out by Fortune. BCG offers a base salary of  $147,000 a more-generous-than-normal sign-on bonus of $30,000 and performance bonuses up to $44,100.  When you combine all of these figures, Boston Consulting Group becomes one of the highest paying employers for new MBA graduates.   Salary Data The salary data in this article  was obtained from ManagementConsulted.com, a company that compiles salary data collected from their readers, industry insiders, and other sources.

How revolutionary was the American Revolution Essay

How revolutionary was the American Revolution - Essay Example British forces in Boston massacre in1770 butchered many blacks. One-third colonists remain neutral and one third supported revolution. Rest of people supported British act in colonies. Ultimately, the revolution ended in 1783 (Frey, 1999). Slaves were imported to work as labour force for Cotton and tobacco crops in southern states of America for cheap labour. Slaves did produce great output in raising the agricultural exports of America (Quarles, 1961). Blacks were ruthlessly used as labour and their culture and lifestyle saw a decline. White people of America made every effort to tease the blacks by social inequality and kept all sorts of educational facilities away from the reach of blacks (Quarles, 1961). Slave markets were introduced in America and women and children were separated from the men. This created a lot of hatred against white Americans in the hearts of black. There were no labour or social law and blacks were punished brutally for any mistakes. Slave masters sexually harassed young black women in the absence of women rights. Women were not allowed to raise voice against social and moral inequality (Frey, 1999). Inhuman policies made people to take revolutionary steps for their rights. Many events eventually led to revolution. Black African wanted to live lives as per their social and cultural values. Finally, blacks were successful to some extent to snatch their rights from American authorities (Quarles,

Options for Implementing a Leadership Change Essay - 1

Options for Implementing a Leadership Change - Essay Example Change of leadership entails huge implications for an organization. For one, this change accompanies a new vision, to where the direction of an organization will be set for a period of time. This change in vision can entail major overhauls within the organization, which include changes in the organizational structure, leadership style of the new leader, processes, etc. Thus, a change in leadership will cause stress within the organization and implementation of this change has to be handled with a smooth transition. Stephen Robbins, in his book Organizational Behavior lists some of the more popular approaches to managing change. But of the three that he mentions, which include Lewin’s classic three-step model of change process, action research and organizational development, Lewin’s model of change is the one most pertinent to a change in leadership, which does not center only on a specific process to be improved or a certain problem that needs to be acted upon like the other two. The first step to managing a change within the organization is to unfreeze the prevailing norms within the company. In order to unfreeze these prevailing norms, or the status quo, overcoming resistance among individuals and conformity among groups is crucial. In Lewin’s model, the shift to a desired state can be done by one of the three: lowering the restraining forces to change; increasing the driving forces to get into the desired state; or both. The change in leadership entails a new vision. And in order to carry out this vision, there are specific steps the new leadership lays out which will be the cause of individual resistances within the corporation. The first alternative is to increase the driving forces. Driving forces usually come in the form of incentive, for employees to accept and comply to change. It may assume other forms, but driving forces

Historical Perspectives In Kinesiology

Historical Perspectives In Kinesiology Why We Study Kinesiology. As one of the most innovative and exciting areas in the health care field, muscle testing through kinesiology has given professionals feedback tools to identify multiple aspects of human movement ranging from injury cause and rehabilitation to sports performance. Just think for a moment about how bicycle designs or helmets have changed in the past 10-20 years. Much is this is due to the study of kinesiology. To comprehensively understand human movement, we must approach the topic from a comprehensive point of view which means a physiological, biomechanical, psychological, and sociological perspective. However, in studying kinesiology not only will you begin to understand how and why we move, but gain knowledge on how we can optimize the human potential for movement and skilled performance, the use of different materials and fabrics, and the role of body balance for overall movement health. Kinesiology is a way of studying human movement from two perspectives; theoretical and applied. Each day we accomplish a variety of skills and tasks by calling on a vast array of motor skills. We drive cars, ride bicycles, paint houses, and type of keyboards. All of these skills are studied within the field of kinesiology. Tools are designed and redesigned, hockey sticks are made from new materials, cars are redesigned with more aerodynamics, and your armchair is home if more ergonomically built. To do any and all of these things we must consider the body and how it moves. Unconsciously, we select the muscles which are going to be most effective for the task at hand. The more we are able to recruit muscle groups, the more effective and stronger we become at performing that skill and movement. Moreover, the kinesiology repertoire is not limited to sports and human activities. The field covers everywhere from the study of movement to the anatomical aspects of humans and athletes, and b ecause biomechanics affects all aspects of our daily function, the field of study extends far beyond sports performance. This book focuses on human biomechanics which focuses mainly on humans involved in movement, sports and exercise. We might define sports and exercise biomechanics as the study of forces and their effects on humans in exercise and sport. As we have defined previously, kinesiology is the study of human movement. Kinesiology is the study referring to the whole area of human movement Included in this field is the study of biomechanics, or the study of motion. Kinesiology and Sports Biomechanics overlap to provide you with the knowledge you need to understand the mechanical aspects involved in everyday movements and also the techniques of sports. In both situations, similar questions arise, such as; why is this technique working better than the other ones I have tried? and Would my performance be enhanced if I fine-tuned a certain skill? Studying kinesiology will also allow you to know how and where to find answers to these questions. And in answering these questions you will be using biomechanics to improve your performance both in everyday life and perhaps more directly, your athletic skills and ability. An example of some questions the knowledgeable biomechanist might answer include the following: What is the safest way to lift and move this heavy object? What movement is the most economical? And is it possible to judge this based on visual observation? At what distance should a ball be thrown for maximum power? What change in body mechanics can be made to increase stability in the elderly? What allows some individuals to carry out a specific task while others are unable to perform the very same task? These questions provide a foundation for indentifying, analyzing and solving problems related to human movement. Regardless of the questions asked, investigations and experiments in the kinesiology and biomechanics field are leading us to design products and address problems in everyday life and sports. However, kinesiology is by no means a modern day science. Mechanics and forces in human work have long been studied in many walks of life ranging from transport, to battles to buildings. This is quite evident historically if you consider structures like the Pyramids, the great castles of medieval times, carts and horses for travel and of course bicycles. Therefore, history is rich with individual contributions to this field. I think you will be surprised to see of the great names of artists, designers, and craftsmen who have made instrumental contributions to the field and are therefore part of the great collection of kinesiologists in history. Understanding the Historical Development and Contributions in Kinesiology Kinesiology is a combination of the Greek word kinein (to move) and logos (discourse). Its long history spans the lives of Archimedes (287-212 BC), Galen (131-201 AD, deemed the father of sports medicine), Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Newton, on up to modern times and Dr. George Goodhart, who brought into our language the concept of Applied Kinesiology in 1964. Kinesiology is regarded as both an art form and a science; it is regarded as a science because it has rules, methods, principles and logical techniques while it also involves intuitions, feelings and practice which also make it an art form. Within the history of kinesiology much of the context consists of the history of sport biomechanics. The origin of kinesiology was first used in the 19th century, but it wasnt until the 1960s that biomechanics evolved as a more structured discipline and became popular. However, as aforementioned, the origins of kinesiology can be traced back thousands of years to ancient Roman Times and the gladiators and chariot races. One of the earliest works of exercise and sport biomechanics appeared in 1912 in The Baseball Magazine. This article described a study analyzing the pitching speed of a professional pitcher by the name of Walter Johnson. Following the publication of this article, the field and research of sport biomechanics truly began and a host of other studies in sports such as swimming, cycling and track and field began to appear. The start of the 1930s introduced the use of video cameras in filming and analyzing skills of sport. With the use of this technology, biomechanists were able to slow down the activity and look more intently at the athletes techniques and therefore, could more specifically make the necessary adjustments to positively enhance the performance. A perusal through the history books will show a noticeable improvement in world records for many sports in the 1950s-1960s. The technology that was developed for World War II soon carried over into other disciplines, and sports was o ne of these areas. It wasnt until the 1960s that the actual term and involvement in biomechanics research really started to become popular. In this decade came the introduction of the first Biomechanics seminar with the beginning of newly published Biomechanics Journals published and presented at these conferences. In the 1970s and 1980s, many biomechanics organizations were formed and there was an increase in the number of publications of sport biomechanics journals. The field of study has continued to increase rapidly over the past few decades. However, while great strides have been in recent decades, much foundation work was already laid. It is important to note and recognize these individuals who made marked contributions to the field. Not only is it important to recognize these accomplishments but also to put into context the rich history of kinesiology. Great Kinesiologists in History Aristotle (384-322 BC) Aristotle is known as The Father of Kinesiology. In fact, he is pretty much considered the first biomechanist. He was the first to describe the actions of muscles in his first book on the Parts of Animals, Movement of Animals, and Progression of Animals. He was the first to subject animals to geometric analysis and then document their findings. He viewed animal bodies as mechanical systems and researched the physiological differences between imagining the performance of an action and actually carrying out that same action. Furthermore, he described the various conditions and problems of moving and pushing a boat; which was a precursor to Newtons Laws of Motion. It was Aristotle, who also was the first to describe and analyze the movements of walking, explaining the transformation of a rotary movement to translatory movements. These describe the general motions of the body from an initial position to a final position. The rotary movement consists of one point of a bone remaining stati onary with all other anatomical points tracing an arc or circle around this stable point. Translatory motion, or pure linear, motion is the movement of an entire object occurring at all points on that particular object and includes all points moving the same distance. With the introduction of basic studies focusing on both animal and human biomechanics, Aristotle raised the importance and application of biomechanics to the musculoskeletal system and has led us to a better understanding of both joint function and dysfunction, resulting in design improvements in human motion structure and performance. Archimedes (287-212 BC) Following Aristotle was another renowned Greek scientist. Archimedes (287-212 BC) discovered hydrostatic principles governing floating bodies, which are widely applied today in all areas of aquatics, especially swimming. Archimedes also investigated the laws of leverage and determination of the center of gravity and buoyancy. In physics, buoyancy is the upward force on an object produced by the surrounding fluid in which it is partially immersed, due to the pressure difference of the fluid between the top and bottom of the object. In his treatise On Floating Bodies, Archimedes writes about the hydrostatic principle, or the Archimedes Principle, as it is more commonly known. This principle states that the body when immersed in a fluid will experience a buoyancy force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. In other words, when a body is partially or fully immersed into a fluid (i.e. a liquid or a gas), then it will experience that upward buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body. Although Archimedes didnt invent the lever, he wrote one of the earliest known explanations of the principle involved, and he did design the standard block and pulley system which allowed the use of the principle of leverage to lift objects that would have been too heavy to move. In the first part of his treatise, On Floating Bodies, Archimedes describes his law of equilibrium of fluids and demonstrates that water will in fact adapt to a spherical form around a center of gravity. It has been said to be an early attempt to explain the theory that the Earth is round. In his second volume On the Equilibrium of Planes, Archimedes stated his Law of the Lever. In this Law he explains that Equal weights at equal distances are in equilibrium, and equal weights at unequal distances are not in equilibrium but incline towards the weight which is at the greatest distance. It was with the use of these principles that he derived to calculate the centers of gravity of various geometric figures. His contributions continue to guide modern day mechanics and the study of levers. Research Note: EUREKA! I have found it. This term is most famously attributed to the ancient Greek scholar Archimedes; he reportedly proclaimed, Eureka! when he stepped into a bath and noticed that the water level rose he suddenly understood that the volume of water displaced must be equal to the volume of the part of his body he had submerged. This meant that the volume of irregular objects could be calculated with precision, a previously intractable problem. He is said to have been so eager to share his realization that he leapt out of his bathtub and ran through the streets of Syracuse naked. The story goes that a king at the time, Hiero II of Syracuse, wanted a gold crown but didnt trust the goldsmith to use 100% gold. He needed a way of checking whether or not the crown was indeed all gold. Archimedes insight led to the solution of a problem posed by Hiero of Syracuse, on how to assess the purity of an irregular golden crown. Equipment for weighing objects already existed, and now that Archimedes could also measure volume, their ratio would give the objects density, an important indicator of purity. Archimedes was able to determine how much water should be displaced for a crown made of gold for a given size and weight. The crown was designed as a gift to the gods in the shape of a wreath and therefore could not be disturbed. Archimedes ultimately concluded that the goldsmith had substituted some gold with silver in making the crown. Galen (131-201 BC) Galen, a Roman citizen, is widely considered to be the first team physician in history. His essay De Motu Musculorum is the first textbook on kinesiology. In this book he distinguished the difference between motor and sensory nerves, described agonist and antagonist muscle relationships, described tonus, and introduced terms diarthrosis and synarthrosis. Galen believed and taught that the contractions of muscles are a result of the passing of animal spirits from the brain through the nerves of the muscles. Some writers suggest that along with Galen being the first author of a textbook on kinesiology that he also is considered as the father of sports medicine. Da Vinci (1452-1519 AD) We all know of Leonardo Da Vinci for his great works of art. But his contributions in the field of kinesiology are also noteworthy. Following the works of Galen, kinesiology and biomechanics lay pretty much untouched until the 15th century when Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519 AD) advanced our knowledge further. As an artist, engineer and scientist, he was mainly interested in the structure of the human body as it relates to performance, center of gravity and the balance and center of resistance. Da Vinci was the first to record scientific data on the human gait. He used letters to identify muscles and nerves in the human body that he would retrieve from graveyards in the middle of the night. In his collection of human gait data, he described the mechanics of the body during standing, walking uphill and downhill, rising from a sitting position, and jumping. In order to demonstrate the progression action and interaction of various muscles during movement, he developed theories on the func tional anatomy by attaching cords to a skeleton at the origin and insertion points of the muscles. His theories and teachings remain commonplace and true to this day. Galileo (1564-1643 AD) Galileo followed Da Vinci, and was the first to propose the Law or Inertia, or what is better known as Newtons First Law. His theoretical and experimental work on the bodies of motion was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton. Galileos Principle of Inertia stated: A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed. It was this principle that was later incorporated into Newtons laws of motion. The basic framework for Newtons laws of motion also came from Galileos basic principle of relativity, in which he stated that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. Galileo was also very well recognized as the founder of classical mechanics and the applications of variables such as space, time and velocity. He determined the correct mathematical law for acceleration: the total distance covered (starting from rest) is proportional to the square of the time. Galileo also concluded that objects will retain their velocity unless a force or friction acts upon them. Galileo was a little contraindicated in his thinking and strongly defended heliocentrism; the belief that the sun is at the center of the solar system. Because of his belief in this theory, he claimed it was not contrary to the Scripture passages, and in 1616 he traveled to Rome to try and persuade the Catholic Church authorities not to ban and criticize his ideas. Galileo forged on and in 1632 published his book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. As a result Galileo lost much support and became alienated and admonished by the church. Rome supported by one of its biggest and most powerful defenders, Pope Paul V, put Galileo on trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. As a result Galileo spent the remainder of his life under house arrest albeit back in his home near Florence. It was during this time that he dedicated his time to one of his greatest works, Two New Sciences. In these writings he summarized on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. The book received great praise from Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein in later years. As a result of this work Galileo is often referred to as the father of modern physics. As an interesting side note, by the time Galileo started to write his new sciences text he was blind! Borelli (1608-1679 AD) Giovanni Borelli was a Renaissance Italian physiologist, physicist and mathematician. As a student of Galileo he contributed to the modern principle of scientific investigation through continuing the testing of hypotheses against observation. His largest achievements are those specifically related to his investigation into biomechanics. His studies originated with the biomechanics of animals. Borelli was the author of De Motu Animalium I and II, although he did not live to see the publication of this work. Borelli first suggested that muscles do not exercise vital movement otherwise than by contracting. And he was also the first to deny corpuscular influence on the movements of muscles. He demonstrated this by using scientific experiments to show that living muscle do not release corpuscles into water when cut. He also discovered that forward motion requires movement of the bodys center of gravity, with a swinging of the limbs in order to maintain ones balance. Since it seems that everyone gets a title, Borelli is labeled as the father of modern biomechanics. Newton (1642-1727 AD) Newton was/is arguably the most influential scientist in history. Newton published one of the most influential and original pieces of scientific hypotheses called Principia Mathematica Philosophae Naturalis. Published in 1686, it is a three-volume work containing the statements of Newtons laws of motion. His three laws comprise the foundation for modern dynamics, which express the relationships between the interaction of forces and their outcomes. Newtons laws can be summarized as follows: Law of Inertia: Every body continues in its state of rest or motion, in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by interacting forces impressed upon it (originally proposed by Galileo). Law of Momentum (Force = Mass x Acceleration): The change of motion is proportional to the motivational force applied and occurs in the direction of the right line in which that force is applied. Law of Interaction: For every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The application of these three laws can be best demonstrated using an example of the mechanics of a discus thrower. While the thrower is pivoting, he must grasp the disc firmly (exert centripetal force) to prevent it from flying out of his hand. In accordance with the third law, the discus exerts an equal and opposite reaction (centrifugal force). When the discus thrower releases his grip the centripetal force no longer interacts with the discus and the object flies in a direct line similar to its former circular path. The distance that the discus covers is proportionate to the motive force placed upon it, in accordance with the second law. The trajectory of the discus is affected by gravity, wind, velocity, and other forces that may alter its state of motion, as stated by the first law. According to Newton, changes of motion are generally considered as a measure of the force that produces them. This is where the idea of measuring force by the product of mass and acceleration originated from. So, therefore, the greater the speed in which the discus thrower spins, the greater the acceleration that will be applied to the mass of the discus, and therefore the farther it will fly before gravity returns it back to earth, and the greater the force to have been applied to the discus. Hunter (1728-1793 AD) John Hunter was instrumental in summarizing the current state of knowledge in the field at that time. His lecture series summarized all that was known about kinesiology at the end of the 18th century, emphasizing that muscular function could be studied only by observations of living person. In these lecture series Hunter defined muscular function in major detail, including the origin and insertion and shapes of muscles, two-joint muscle problems, contraction and relaxation, strength, hypertrophy, the mechanical arrangement of muscle fibers along with many other aspects of the study. Hunter declared that muscle, while endowed with life, is fitted for self-motion, and is the only part of the body so fitted. Thus we can see a rich and detailed history of big names exists that have played a role in our field of study. Their contributions laid the foundations for early study and advancement. All in all knowledge progressed slowly for a long time and it wasnt until advances in measurement technology such as cameras and computers that more large and innovative steps were made. Recent Advancements in Research Research in the field of kinesiology and sport biomechanics has steadily increased throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. This increase in popularity is due in large part to the ease of data collection and analysis of films and video cameras by way of the evolution of modernizing digital cameras. Of course the creation of computers has been monumental. In the past two decades research in exercise and sports science and mechanics has been much more thoroughly covered. All kinds of movements, both sporting and non-sporting, have been recorded, digitized, analyzsed, and as a result new forms of movement have evolved. All made possible by the camera. Pioneer Cinematographers Today, many Kinesiologists use cinematography to record sports and exercise movements that need to be reviewed and analyzed. This allows them to break down the biomechanics of the motion and therefore make the necessary changes to improve the athletes performance. Cinematography is from the Greek words kinesis (movement) and grapho (to record). Modern technology literally allows the collection of thousands of data points within seconds providing volumes of information on very specific phases of movement. Muybridge (1831-1904 AD) Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer who was well known for his early use of cameras to capture motion, particularly in horses and horse racing which was very popular at the time. Advancement of knowledge concerning body mechanics was greatly advanced by Muybridges works using serial photography. Using cinematographic pictures to study human motion was highly recommended by an astronomer who had once used serial photos for other research studies. Although recommended to use photography to study human movement, Muybridges passion was in horses. In 1882 Muybridge produced the book The Horse in Motion and in 1887 he wrote Animal Locomotion in eleven volumes, in which several of his photographic sequences were published. Muybridges work and photographs projected images allowing everyone to see real stances in real movements. His work and photography provided the first insights into specific phase of movement. Marey (1830-1904 AD) Etienne-Jules Marey is widely considered to be a pioneer of photography. It was through his photographs that he studied the movement of the body. He was convinced that movement was the most important of human functions and that all other functions were merely support in order to accomplish a specific movement. He described and photographed these methods for his research and work which he recorded in his books Du Mouvement Dans Les Fonctions de La Vie and Le Mouvement in 1894. These photographic techniques opened way for further experimental studies and are still considered a major importance in the study of human gait. Mareys work also revolutionized aspects of medicine, particularly cardiology, where his photography was used to show the movement of blood. This knowledge was ultimately developed into chronophotography. What is interesting that Marey (a Frenchman) and Muybridge (an Englishman) benefited a lot from each others work as there own obsessions set about to confirm that each other was indeed correct with their theories. When Marey published La Machine Animale in 1873 (translated as Animal Mechanism) Muybridge carried out his Photographic Investigation in Palo Alto, California, to test Mareys hypotheses and ultimately proved that Marey was right when he wrote that a galloping horse for a brief moment had all four hooves off the ground thus settling a dispute between walking and running or more correctly cantering and galloping. Muybridge published his photos in 1879 with some public attention. Understanding the Importance of Kinesiology in Everyday Life Today there are many different forms of specialized Kinesiology and more are being introduced as new more specific areas of study evolve. From a biomechanical perspective, we take on ambitious tasks daily that require strength, force, balance and discipline in addition to many other mechanical functions of the body. With the vast array of daily movements people need help in improving human movement. Kinesiology requires the knowledge of why and how the human body moves. It is an important science in solving the problems of human movement and the skills necessary to perform the movements effectively and safely. The Equipment Design Revolution There is hardly an area of sports or exercise that has not been affected by the combination field of kinesiology and materials. In fact, you can now study this area of sports equipment design as a university degree. One could argue that no matter what area of sport and exercise you select new materials and kinesiological studies have changed the game. Consider the following: Safety helmets have benefited from new plastics. Protective padding is better with new foams and lighter plastics. Bicycles are lighter and stronger with new carbons. Tennis rackets are lighter and more powerful with carbon and titanium (as are golf clubs). Safety straps use Velcro. Lighter metals make up components on bats, bikes and skis. New rubbers and plastics are used in new playing surfaces. Running shoes are lighter, breathe more and more elastic. Balls spin more, have more grip, and come in many colors. We could continue with this list for a long time constantly identifying areas of improvement both in performance and safety. More people can now participate in sports because new equipment has made is safer and easier. For example, consider new shaped skis (photo) that have made it easier to turn and stop on difficult terrain. We have oversized golf clubs that allow us to hit the ball straighter and further. No area is left unaffected. Even more remarkable is that kinesiology and materials study has made it possible to people with no legs or arms to run, jump and play racquet sports. Research Note: The Olympic Games in 1896 were for able-bodied athletes. The Paralympics began in 1948 when Sir Ludwig Guttman organized a sports event for WWII veterans who had a spinal cord injury. The first competition was in Stoke, England. Four years later the Dutch joined in and the movement began. At the Rome Olympics in 1960 the movement expanded to include other disabilities and was called the Paralympics. In 1976, the first Paralympic winter games took place in Sweden. In 2008 in Beijing, over 4000 Paralympians competed. Many of their performances have been made possible by our field of study. So not only are humans with no legs running, in some cases they are outperforming able-bodied athletes. In 1992, Joe Gaetani, a paraplegic, set new world records in 100m (12.23 secs) and 200m (26.82 secs) in the Paralympics. Gaetanis legs were made from a new composite material of carbon fiber and epoxy pylon. The flexibility and weight of these materials is far superior to traditional wood or metal. At the same games Tony Volpentest won gold in the 100m and 200m even though hew was born with no feet. Of course much of the advancement in materials has come from the engineering field and then gets translated and applied into the sports field by kinesiologists. However, it is the overall collaborative effort that allows for these impressive advances. There is perhaps no area that has benefited more than athlete safety. Improving Safety If you have ever watched an old football movie you will remember that the helmets were made of leather. Old cycling helmets were made from foam and rubber. There was no molding for correct fit. Mouthguards are now custom fitted, as are lenses, ski boots, skates, etc. All these design features improve participant safety and comfort. Equipment can now be designed to not only fit better by considering body dimensions but also perform and protect better under stress. Shoulder pads flex and move like shoulders; football pants have padding in specific locations; shin guards can cover the knee and allow flexion, etc. The field of kinesiology has been instrumental in the design and assessment of these advances, allowing for both greater comfort and safety. Thus it is easier to understand that a student in this field has limitless options to apply their skills. Consider this: anytime someone builds a product you wear, sit in or ride on, you must consider body anthropometrics. Thus our knowled ge and skills are widely applied. Sample Problem Solving in Kinesiology In problem solving approaches to kinesiology and biomechanics, the desired relies on proper decision making to allow for comfort and safety as the outcome. This approach to good decision making includes one that is efficient, systematic and structured. If one can define part of the problem in biomechanical terms, one could better describe the outcome of the movement and therefore increase the positive outcome of their performance. Look at the following questions that all ask relevant questions you might be asked to answer. How can an athletic shoe be designed to reduce injuries on artificial turf? How do forces summate to produce maximum power in a golf swing? What is the best anatomical posture for sprinter running the 400 meter dash? What is the best body position for swimming the breaststroke? At what angle should a discus or javelin be thrown to achieve maximum distance? What is the best shape for an aerodynamic helmet to reduce drag? These are all examples of questions that relate to the kinematic characteristics of pure human movement and the mechanics involved. As we have already identified kinematics spans both quantitative and qualitative types of analysis. Quite often your problem solving ability will require the application of both quantitative and qualitati